Third Hungarian Republic

Hungary is a country in Central Europe whose history under this name dates to the Early Middle Ages, when the Pannonian Basin was conquered by the Hungarians (Magyars), a semi-nomadic people who had migrated from Eastern Europe. For the history of the area before this period, see Pannonian basin before Hungary.

The oldest archaeological site in Hungary is Vértesszőlős, where palaeolithic Oldowan pebble tools and an early human fossil nicknamed "Samu" (a 350,000-year-old Homo Erectus) were discovered in 1965.

The Roman Empire conquered territory west of the Danube River between 35 and 9 BC. From 9 BC to the end of the 4th century AD, Pannonia, the western part of the Carpathian Basin, was part of the Roman Empire. In the final stages of the expansion of the Roman empire in the early centuries of the first millennium AD, the Carpathian Basin fell under the Mediterranean influence of Greco-Roman civilization for a short period – town centers, paved roads, and written sources were all part of the advances put to an end by the "Migration of peoples" that characterized the Early Middle Ages in Europe.

After the Western Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century AD under the stress of the migration of Germanic tribes and Carpian pressure, the Migration Period continued to bring many invaders into central Europe. Among the first to arrive were the Huns, who built up a powerful empire under Attila the Hun in 435 AD. Attila was regarded in past centuries as an ancestral ruler of the Hungarians, but this is now considered to be inaccurate. It is believed that the origin of the name "Hungary" does not come from the Central Asian Hun nomadic invaders, but rather from Magyar tribes that were part of a Bulgar alliance called "On-Ogur", which in Bulgar Turkic meant "(the) Ten Arrows". They entered what is now Hungary in the 7th century AD.

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