Spanish War of Independence

Peninsular War
Part of the Napoleonic Wars
The Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamelukes by Francisco de Goya, 1814
Date 2 May 1808 (sometimes 27 October 1807) – 17 April 1814 (5 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Iberian Peninsula and southern France Result Allied victory Treaty of Paris
Belligerents
Bourbon Spain British Empire Kingdom of Portugal	France Bonapartist Spain Duchy of Warsaw
Commanders and leaders
Francisco Castaños Juan Martín Díez José Palafox Gregorio de la Cuesta Miguel Álava Esquivel Joaquín Blake Arthur Wellesley William Beresford John Moore † Bernardino Freire † Miguel Pereira Forjaz Francisco da Silveira	Napoleon I Joseph I Joachim Murat Jean-Andoche Junot Jean de Dieu Soult André Masséna Michel Ney Louis Gabriel Suchet Joseph Mortier Auguste de Marmont Jean-Baptiste Bessières Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Claude Victor-Perrin

The Peninsular War (1807–14) was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire and the allied powers of Spain, Britain and Portugal, for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars. The war started when French and Spanish armies invaded and occupied Portugal in 1807, and escalated in 1808 when France turned on Spain, previously its ally. The war on the peninsula lasted until the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon in 1814, and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation, significant for the emergence of large-scale guerrilla warfare.

The Peninsular War overlaps with what the Spanish-speaking world calls the Guerra de la Independencia Española (Spanish War of Independence), which began with the Dos de Mayo Uprising on 2 May 1808 and ended on 17 April 1814. The French occupation destroyed the Spanish administration, which fragmented into quarrelling provincial juntas.

A reconstituted national government, the Cádiz Cortes—in effect a government-in-exile—fortified itself in Cádiz in 1810, but could not raise effective armies because it was besieged by 70,000 French troops. British and Portuguese forces eventually secured Portugal, using it as a safe position from which to launch campaigns against the French army and provide whatever supplies they could get to the Spanish, while the Spanish armies and guerrillas tied down vast numbers of Napoleon's troops. These combined regular and irregular allied forces, by restricting French control of territory, prevented Napoleon's marshals from subduing the rebellious Spanish provinces, and the war continued through years of stalemate.

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Wikipedia