Smalltalk
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| Paradigm | Object-oriented |
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| Designed by | Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg |
| Developer | Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Diana Merry, Scott Wallace, Peter Deutsch and Xerox PARC |
| First appeared | 1972 (development began in 1969) |
| Stable release |
Smalltalk-80 version 2 / 1980
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| Typing discipline | strong, dynamic |
| OS | Cross-platform (multi-platform) |
| Major implementations | |
| Amber, Dolphin Smalltalk, GemStone/S, GNU Smalltalk, Pharo, Smalltalk/X, Squeak, VA Smalltalk, VisualWorks | |
| Influenced by | |
| Lisp,Simula,Euler,IMP,Planner,Logo,Sketchpad,ARPAnet,Burroughs B5000,cell (biology) | |
| Influenced | |
| AppleScript, Common Lisp Object System, Dart, Dylan, Erlang, Etoys, Falcon, Go, Groovy, Io, Ioke, Java, Lasso, Lisaac, Logtalk, NewtonScript, Object REXX, Objective-C, PHP 5, Perl 6, Python, Ruby, Scala, Scratch, Self | |
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Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Scott Wallace, and others during the 1970s.
The language was first generally released as Smalltalk-80. Smalltalk-like languages are in continuing active development and have gathered loyal communities of users around them. ANSI Smalltalk was ratified in 1998 and represents the standard version of Smalltalk.
There are a large number of Smalltalk variants. The unqualified word Smalltalk is often used to indicate the Smalltalk-80 language, the first version to be made publicly available and created in 1980.
Smalltalk was the product of research led by Alan Kay at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC); Alan Kay designed most of the early Smalltalk versions, which Dan Ingalls implemented. The first version, known as Smalltalk-71, was created by Kay in a few mornings on a bet that a programming language based on the idea of message passing inspired by Simula could be implemented in "a page of code." A later variant actually used for research work is now known as Smalltalk-72 and influenced the development of the Actor model. Its syntax and execution model were very different from modern Smalltalk variants.
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