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Sino-French war

Sino-French War
Part of the Tonkin Campaign
SinoFrenchWar1884-1885.jpg
Operations of the Sino-French war (1884–85)
Date August 1884 – April 1885
Location Southeast Mainland China, Taiwan, Northern Vietnam
Result

France and Qing declared victory

Territorial
changes
French protectorate over Tonkin and Annam recognized by China. Boundary convention 1887 signed between France and China determine the land border between Tonkin and China.
Belligerents
France France Qing dynasty Qing dynasty
Black Flag Army
Nguyễn dynasty
Commanders and leaders
France Amédée Courbet
France Sébastien Lespès
France Louis Brière de l'Isle
France François de Négrier
France Laurent Giovanninelli
France Jacques Duchesne
Qing dynasty Prince Gong
Qing dynasty Zuo Zongtang
Qing dynasty Zhang Peilun
Qing dynasty Pan Dingxin
Qing dynasty Wang Debang
Qing dynasty Feng Zicai
Qing dynasty Tang Ching-sung
Qing dynasty Liu Mingchuan
Qing dynasty Sun Kaihua
Qing dynasty Wang Xiaochi
Qing dynasty Su Yuanchun
Qing dynasty Chen Jia
Qing dynasty Jiang Zonghan
Qing dynasty Fang Yousheng
Qing dynasty Wei Gang
Liu Yongfu
Early Nguyen Dynasty Flag.svg Hoàng Kế Viêm
Strength
15,000 to 20,000 soldiers 25,000 to 35,000 soldiers (from the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang and Yunnan)
Casualties and losses
2,100 killed or wounded 10,000 killed or wounded

France and Qing declared victory

The Sino–French War (Chinese: 中法戰争; pinyin: Zhōngfǎ Zhànzhēng, French: Guerre franco-chinoise, Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh), also known as the Tonkin War and Tonquin War, was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 through April 1885, to decide whether France would supplant China's control of Tonkin (northern Vietnam). Although the Chinese armies performed better than in other nineteenth-century wars and the war ended with French defeat on land, the French achieved most of their aims in the Treaty of Tientsin.

French interest in northern Vietnam dated from the late 18th century, when the political Catholic priest Pigneau de Behaine recruited French volunteers to fight for Nguyễn Ánh and help begin the Nguyễn Dynasty, in an attempt to gain privileges for France and for the Roman Catholic Church. France began its colonial campaign in 1858, annexing several southern provinces in 1862 to form the colony of Cochinchina.

French explorers followed the course of the Red River through northern Vietnam to its source in Yunnan, arousing hopes for a profitable trade route with China that could bypass the treaty ports of the Chinese coastal provinces. The main obstacle to this idea, the Black Flag Army - a well-organized bandit force led by the formidable Liu Yongfu - was levying exorbitant "taxes" on Red River trade between Sơn Tây and Lào Cai on the Yunnan border.


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Wikipedia

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