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Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo

His Excellency
The Marquis of Pombal
KC FC
O marques de pombal, conde de Oeiras.jpg
Secretary of State
of Internal Affairs of the Kingdom
In office
2 August 1750 – 4 March 1777
Monarch Joseph I
Preceded by Gaspar de Moscoso e Silva
Succeeded by Aires de Sá e Melo
Secretary of State
of Foreign Affairs
and War
In office
2 August 1750 – 6 May 1756
Monarch Joseph I
Preceded by Azevedo Coutinho
Succeeded by Luis da Cunha Manuel
Personal details
Born May 13, 1699
Lisbon, Portugal
Died May 8, 1782(1782-05-08) (aged 82)
Pombal, Portugal
Spouse(s) Teresa Luísa de Mendonça e Almada
Maria Leonor Ernestina Daun
Occupation Politician
Religion Roman Catholic
Signature

D. Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, 1st Count of Oeiras (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐɾˈkeʃ dɨ põˈbaɫ]; 13 May 1699 – 8 May 1782) was an 18th-century Portuguese statesman. He was Secretary of the State of Internal Affairs of the Kingdom (the equivalent of a Prime Minister today) in the government of Joseph I of Portugal from 1750 to 1777. Undoubtedly the most prominent minister in the government, he is considered to have been its de facto head. Pombal is notable for his swift and competent leadership in the aftermath of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. He implemented sweeping economic policies in Portugal to regulate commercial activity and standardize quality throughout the country, and was instrumental in weakening the grip of the Inquisition. The term Pombaline is used to describe not only his tenure, but also the architectural style adopted in Lisbon after the great earthquake.

Pombal, who was considered an estrangeirado, introduced many fundamental administrative, educational, economic, and ecclesiastical reforms justified in the name of "reason" and instrumental in advancing secularization in Portugal. However, historians argue that Pombal’s implementation of the ideas of the "Enlightenment", while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying print censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɨbɐʃtiˈɐ̃w̃ ʒuˈzɛ dɨ kɐɾˈvaʎu i ˈmɛlu]) was born in Lisbon, the son of Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde, a country squire with properties in the Leiria region, and of his wife Teresa Luísa de Mendonça e Melo. During his youth he studied at the University of Coimbra and then served briefly in the army. He then moved to Lisbon and eloped with Teresa de Mendonça e Almada (1689–1737), the niece of the Count of Arcos. The marriage was a turbulent one, as she had married him against her family's wishes. Her parents made life unbearable for the young couple; they eventually moved to Melo properties near Pombal.


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