S-400 (missile)

S-400 Triumf NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler
S-400 Triumf launch vehicle
Type	Mobile surface-to-air missile system
Place of origin	Russia
Service history
In service	28 April 2007
Used by	Russia, India
Production history
Designer	Almaz/Antei Concern of Air Defence (PVO Kontsern)
Manufacturer	Fakel Machine-Building Design Bureau
Unit cost	$400 million per fire unit (division) that consists of 8 launchers, 112 missiles, command and support vehicles
Number built	152+ (in 2015, there were 152 launchers deployed in 19 divisions)
Specifications
Operational range	400 km (40N6 missile) 250 km (48N6 missile) 120 km (9M96E2 missile) 40 km (9M96E missile)

The S-400 Triumf (Russian: C-400 Триумф, Triumph; NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler), previously known as the S-300PMU-3, is an anti-aircraft weapon system developed in the 1990s by Russia's Almaz Central Design Bureau as an upgrade of the S-300 family. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2007. The S-400 uses four missiles to fill its performance envelope: the very-long-range 40N6 (400 km), the long-range 48N6 (250 km), the medium-range 9M96E2 (120 km) and the short-range 9M96E (40 km).

Development of the S-400 system began in the late 1990s, and the system was announced by the Russian Air Force in January 1999. On 12 February 1999 the first, reportedly-successful tests were performed at Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan, and the S-400 was scheduled for deployment by the Russian army in 2001.

In 2003, it became apparent that the system was not ready for deployment. In August, two high-ranking military officials expressed concern that the S-400 was being tested with "obsolete" interceptors from the S-300P system and concluded that it was not ready for deployment. Completion of the project was announced in February 2004, and in April a ballistic missile was successfully intercepted in a test of the upgraded 48N6DM missile. In 2007, the system was approved for service.

The 30K6E is an administration system which manages eight divisions (battalions). The 55K6E is a command and control centre based on the Ural-532301. The 91N6E is a panoramic radar detection system (range 600 km) with protection against jamming which is mounted on an MZKT-7930. The S band system can hit 300 targets. Six battalions of 98ZH6E surface-to-air missile systems (an independent combat system) can hit no more than six targets on their own, with an additional two battalions if they are within a 40-kilometre (25 mi) range. The 92N6E (or 92N2E) is a multi-functional radar with a 400-kilometre (250 mi) range which can hit 100 targets. The 5P85TE2 launcher and the 5P85SE2 on a trailer (up to 12 launchers) are used for launch. The 48N6E, 48N6E2, 48N6E3, 48N6DM, 9M96E, 9M96E2 and the ultra-long-range 40N6E are authorised by a Russian presidential decree. According to the Russian government, the S-400 utilises an active electronically scanned array.