Rashi's daughters

Yocheved, Miriam, and Rachel (Hebrew: יוכבד, מרים, רחל‎‎) (11th-12th century) were daughters of the medieval Talmudic scholar, Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki, better known by the acronym, Rashi, who had no sons. These women married three of their father’s finest students and were the mothers of the leaders of the next generation of French Talmudic scholars.

Many of their descendants were known as Baalei Tosafot (Tosafists) who wrote critical and explanatory glosses on the Talmud. In all printed versions of the Talmud, the commentary of Rashi appears on the inside column (next to the binding) and that of the Tosafists on the outside column.

Yocheved and Miriam were born in Troyes, France (capital of the province of Champagne) between the years 1058 and 1062. It is not known which is the eldest. Rachel was born in Troyes around 1070.

Yocheved married Meir ben Samuel of nearby Ramerupt. They had four sons: Isaac ("Rivam"), Samuel ("Rashbam") (1080–1174), Solomon the grammarian, and their youngest child, Jacob ("Rabbenu Tam") (c. 1100-1171). Despite the modern Ashkenazi naming custom, Joheved's son Solomon was born during her father’s lifetime.

Samuel became head of the Troyes yeshiva after the death of his grandfather, Rashi, while Jacob established a second school at Ramerupt. Isaac died during his parents’ lifetime, leaving seven orphans.

Yocheved and Meir had at least two daughters who married Rashi’s students. Hannah, a teacher of laws and customs relevant to women, married Samuel ben Simcha. Their son, Isaac of Dampierre ("Ri"), became the leading Talmudic scholar of his generation. Another daughter, whose name is unknown, married Samson ben Joseph.

Yocheved died in 1135 in Ramerupt. Meir died there a few months later.

Little is known of Miriam’s life. She married Judah ben Nathan and had a daughter, Alvina, a learned woman whose customs served as an example for other Jewish women. Miriam’s son, Yom Tov, later moved to Paris and headed a yeshiva there, along with his brothers, Samson and Eliezer. Miriam may have had other daughters whose names are unknown. She is assumed to have died in Troyes, her birthplace, but her date of death is not recorded.

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