He was born to Prince Muazzam (later Bahadur Shah I) and Nur-un-Nisa Begum, the daughter of Sanjar Najm-i-sani. He was 10 when he was appointed by her grandfather Aurangzeb as qiledar of Malakand until his death; then his father became emperor on 1707. He was killed with his elder brother Jahandar Shah by his nephew Farrukhsiyar. He buried at Agra fort. Her sons Rafi ud-Darajat and Shah Jahan II later became Mughal emperors of India for a brief period.

One of his wives was Raziyat-un-nissa Begum, also known as Safiyat-un-nissa, the daughter of Prince Sultan Muhammad Akbar. She was the mother of Emperor Rafi ud-Darajat. He had married her in 1695 at Agra, during the same time as his brother Jahan Shah had married her sister Zakiyat-un-nissa Begum. Another was Nur-un-nissa Begum, daughter of Shaikh Baqi. She was the mother of Emperor Shah Jahan II and of Emperor Muhammad Ibrahim.

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