Qishan (Qing dynasty)
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Qishan First Class Marquis |
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|---|---|
| Viceroy of Liangjiang | |
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In office 1825–1827 |
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| Preceded by | Wei Yuanyu |
| Succeeded by | Jiang Youxian |
| Viceroy of Sichuan (first term) | |
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In office 1829–1831 |
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| Preceded by | Dai Sanxi |
| Succeeded by | Eshan |
| Viceroy of Zhili | |
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In office 1837–1840 |
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| Preceded by | Mujangga |
| Succeeded by | Na'erjing'e |
| Viceroy of Liangguang (acting) | |
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In office 1840–1841 |
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| Preceded by | Lin Zexu |
| Succeeded by | Qitian |
| Imperial Resident in Tibet | |
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In office 1843–1847 |
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| Preceded by | Mengbao |
| Succeeded by | Ruiyuan |
| Viceroy of Sichuan (second term) | |
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In office 1846–1849 |
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| Preceded by | Gioro-Baoxing |
| Succeeded by | Xu Zechun |
| Viceroy of Shaan-Gan | |
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In office 1849–1851 |
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| Preceded by | Buyantai |
| Succeeded by | Yuqian |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
18 January 1786 Beijing |
| Died | 3 August 1854 (aged 68) Yangzhou |
| Relations | Chengde (father) |
| Posthumous name | Wenqin (文勤) |
| Known for | Negotiating the Convention of Chuanbi |
| Qishan | |||||||||
| Chinese | 琦善 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Jing'an | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 靜庵 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 静庵 | ||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Qíshàn |
| Wade–Giles | Chi-shan |
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Jìng'ān |
Qishan (Manchu: ᡴᡳᡧᠠᠨ; Möllendorff: Kišan; Abkai: Kixan; 18 January 1786 – 3 August 1854), courtesy name Jing'an, was a Mongol nobleman and official of the late Qing dynasty. Although he was of Mongol descent, his family was under the Plain Yellow Banner of the Manchu Eight Banners. He is best known for negotiating the Convention of Chuanbi on behalf of the Qing government with the British during the First Opium War of 1839–42.
Qishan was a Khalkha Mongol by birth and was from the Borjigit clan. His ancestor had led his followers to submit to the Manchu-led Qing Empire and received a hereditary first class marquis peerage in return. Qishan inherited the peerage from his ancestor. His father, Chengde (成德), served as a general in Hangzhou and dutong (都統; a military commander) in Rehe Province.
In 1806, Qishan obtained the position of a yinsheng (蔭生; or shengyuan 生員) in the entry-level imperial examination and was recruited into the civil service as a yuanwailang (員外郎; assistant director) in the Ministry of Justice. In 1819, he was promoted to xunfu (provincial governor) of Henan Province but was later demoted to zhushi (主事) and put in charge of river works. Since then, he served in a number of appointments, including Viceroy of Liangjiang (1825–1827), Sichuan (1829–1831) and Zhili (1831–1840), and Grand Scholar of Wenyuan Cabinet (文淵閣大學士).
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