Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | PPARA |
| Alt. symbols | PPAR |
| Entrez | 5465 |
| HUGO | 9232 |
| OMIM | 170998 |
| RefSeq | NM_001001928 |
| UniProt | Q07869 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 22 q12-q13.1 |
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | PPARG |
| Entrez | 5468 |
| HUGO | 9236 |
| OMIM | 601487 |
| RefSeq | NM_005037 |
| UniProt | P37231 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 3 p25 |
| Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | |
|---|---|
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | PPARD |
| Entrez | 5467 |
| HUGO | 9235 |
| OMIM | 600409 |
| RefSeq | NM_006238 |
| UniProt | Q03181 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 6 p21.2 |
In the field of molecular biology, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes. PPARs play essential roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein), and tumorigenesis of higher organisms.
Three types of PPARs have been identified: alpha, gamma, and delta (beta):
PPARs were originally identified in Xenopus frogs as receptors that induce the proliferation of peroxisomes in cells. The first PPAR (PPARα) was discovered during the search of a molecular target for a group of agents then referred to as peroxisome proliferators, as they increased peroxisomal numbers in rodent liver tissue, apart from improving insulin sensitivity. These agents, pharmacologically related to the fibrates were discovered in the early 1980s. When it turned out that PPARs played a much more versatile role in biology, the agents were in turn termed PPAR ligands. The best-known PPAR ligands are the thiazolidinediones; see below for more details.
After PPARδ (delta) was identified in humans in 1992, it turned out to be closely related to the PPARβ (beta) previously described during the same year in other animals (Xenopus). The name PPARδ is generally used in the US, whereas the use of the PPARβ denomination has remained in Europe where this receptor was initially discovered in Xenopus.
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