Peşrev

Peşrev (pronounced [peʃˈɾev] in Turkish), Pişrev ([piʃˈɾev]), peshrev, or pishrev; called bashraf بشرف in Arabic; is an instrumental form in Turkish classical music. It is the name of the first piece of music played during a group performance called a fasıl (Turkish pronunciation: [faˈsɯɫ]). It also serves as the piece of the Mevlevi ayini, ritual music of the Mevlevi order, under the name son peşrev (final peşrev), preceding son semai. It usually uses long rhythm cycles, stretching over many measures as opposed to the simpler usul the other major form of instrumental music uses, saz semai.

Along with the saz semai (called sama'i in Arabic), it was introduced into Arabic music in the 19th century, and became particularly popular in Egypt.

In Ottoman Turkish, it was a Persian loanword composed of the particles pīš, which means "before, ahead", and rev, "that which goes"; coming to mean "that which comes first". In Persian, the word pišdaramad is used instead to denote the first piece of a traditional music performance.

Peşrevs are composed of movements called hane /haːˈne/ (lit. "house"), at the end of which there is always an unchanging particle introducing the teslim /tesˈliːm/ (lit. "handing in") AKA mülazime /mylaːziˈme/ (lit. "that which is inseparable or constant"), i.e. the refrain. Peşrevs are named after the makam used in the first hane and usually end with this makam; in Turkish classical music theory, they are said to be "bound" to this makam. There are always modulations to other makams in the hanes that follow the first hane, but with the refrain (teslim), the piece always regains the principal mode. At the end of each hane, a pause is made on the strong degree of its makam, forming a semi-cadence. This is called a yarım karar or nim karar (lit. "semi-decision"). Peşrevs usually have 4 hanes, yet they occasionally have 2, 5 or 6.

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