Oral rehydration therapy

Oral rehydration therapy
Intervention
A person with cholera drinking oral rehydration solution (ORS)
Synonyms	oral rehydration solution (ORS), oral rehydration salts (ORS), glucose-salt solution
MeSH	D005440
eMedicine	906999-treatment
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Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is a type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration, especially that due to diarrhea. It involves drinking water with modest amounts of sugar and salts. Oral rehydration therapy can also be given by a nasogastric tube. Therapy should routinely include the use of zinc supplements. Use of oral rehydration therapy decreases the risk of death from diarrhea by about 93%.

Side effects may include vomiting, high blood sodium, or high blood potassium. If vomiting occurs it is recommended that use be paused for 10 minutes and then restarted more gradually. The recommended formulation includes sodium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium chloride, and glucose. Glucose may be replaced by sucrose and sodium citrate may be replaced by sodium bicarbonate, if not avaliable. It works as glucose increases the uptake of sodium and water by the intestines. A number of other formulations are also avaliable including versions that can be made at home. The use of homemade solutions; however, has not been well studied.

Oral rehydration therapy was developed in the 1940s but did not come into common use until the 1970s. Oral rehydration solution is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world of package to mix with a liter of water is 0.03 to 0.20 USD. Globally as of 2015 oral rehydration therapy is used by 41% of children with diarrhea. This use has played an important role in reducing the number of deaths in children under the age of five.