Niobium pentachloride
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| Names | |
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IUPAC names
Niobium(V) chloride
Niobium pentachloride |
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| Identifiers | |
10026-12-7 NbCl5  17499-28-4 Nb2Cl10
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.042 |
| EC Number | 233-059-8 |
| PubChem | 24818 |
| RTECS number | QU0350000 |
| UNII |
9S1BC7865F
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| Properties | |
| NbCl5 | |
| Molar mass | 270.17 g/mol |
| Appearance | yellow monoclinic crystals deliquescent |
| Density | 2.75 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 204.7 °C (400.5 °F; 477.8 K) |
| Boiling point | 248.2 °C (478.8 °F; 521.3 K) |
| decomposes | |
| Solubility | soluble in alcohol, HCl, chloroform, CCl4 |
| Thermochemistry | |
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Std molar
entropy (S |
214.05 J K−1 mol−1 |
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Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
-797.47 kJ/mol |
| Hazards | |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| Related compounds | |
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Other anions
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Niobium(V) fluoride Niobium(V) bromide Niobium(V) iodide |
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Other cations
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Vanadium(IV) chloride Tantalum(V) chloride |
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Related niobium chlorides
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Niobium(III) chloride Niobium(IV) chloride |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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| Infobox references | |
Niobium(V) chloride, also known as niobium pentachloride, is a yellow crystalline solid. It hydrolyzes in air, and samples are often contaminated with small amounts of NbOCl3. It is often used as a precursor to other compounds of niobium. NbCl5 may be purified by sublimation.
Niobium(V) chloride forms chloro-bridged dimers in the solid state (see figure). Each niobium centre is six-coordinate, but the octahedral coordination is significantly distorted. The equatorial niobium–chlorine bond lengths are 225 pm (terminal) and 256 pm (bridging), whilst the axial niobium-chlorine bonds are 229.2 pm and are deflected inwards to form an angle of 83.7° with the equatorial plane of the molecule. The Nb–Cl–Nb angle at the bridge is 101.3°. The Nb–Nb distance is 398.8 pm, too long for any metal-metal interaction. NbBr5, TaCl5 and TaBr5 are isostructural with NbCl5, but NbI5 and TaI5 have different structures.
Industrially, niobium pentachloride is obtained by direct chlorination of niobium metal at 300 to 350 °C:
In the laboratory, niobium pentachloride is often prepared from Nb2O5, the main problem being incomplete reaction to give the oxyhalides. The conversion can be effected with thionyl chloride: It also can be prepared by chlorination of niobium pentoxide in the presence of carbon at 300 °C. The products, however, contain small amounts of NbOCl3.
Niobium(V) chloride is the main precursor to the alkoxides of niobium, which find niche uses in sol-gel processing. It is also the precursor to many other laboratory reagents.
In organic synthesis, NbCl5 is a specialized Lewis acid in activating alkenes for the carbonyl-ene reaction and the Diels-Alder reaction. Niobium chloride can also generate N-acyliminium compounds from certain pyrrolidines which are substrates for nucleophiles such as allyltrimethylsilane, indole, or the silyl enol ether of benzophenone.
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