Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia

Muslim conquest of Persia
Part of the Muslim conquests
Map of Persia and its surrounding regions on the eve of the Muslim invasions
Date 633–654 Location Mesopotamia, Caucasus, Persia, and Greater Khorasan Result Decisive Rashidun victory Territorial changes Fall of the Sasanian Empire Rise of several dynasties in Tabaristan
Belligerents
Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania (633–636) Arab Christians (633–637) Kanārangīyāns (633–651) Ispahbudhans (633–651) Hephthalites (651–654) House of Mihran (633–651) House of Karen (633–654) Dabuyids (642–651)	Rashidun Caliphate Kanārangīyāns (after 651)
Commanders and leaders
See list Yazdegerd III Rostam Farrokhzad † Mahbudhan Huzail ibn Imran Hormozd Jadhuyih Anoshagan † Andarzaghar Bahman Jadhuyih † Piruz Khosrow † Jaban Mihran Bahram-i Chubin Hormuzan (POW) Mardanshah † Bahram Isfandiyar   Jalinus † Mihran Razi † Nakhiragan Azadbeh Farrukhzad   Siyavakhsh † Shahriyar bin Kanara † Busbuhra (DOW) Shahriyar of Derbent † Farrukbandadh † Grigor † Mihran-i Hamadani † Shahrvaraz Jadhuyih  † Karin † Mushegh III † Varaztirots † Muta  † Narsi Tiruyih Kanadbak   Ruzbih  † Shirzad Mardanshah of Damavand   Javanshir Burzin Shah Mahoe Suri  Shahriyar Siyah al-Uswari   Aparviz  Shahrag † Faylakan Yazdanfar	See list Abu Bakr Umar I Ali Ibn Abi Talib Muthana ibn Haris Abu Ubaid † Saad ibn Abi Waqqas Zuhra ibn Al-Hawiyya Hashim ibn Uthba Qa’qa ibn Amr Abu Musa Ashaari Ammar ibn Yasir Nouman ibn Muqarrin Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman Mugheera ibn Shuba Usman ibn Abi al-Aas Asim ibn Amr Ahnaf ibn Qais Abdullah ibn Aamir Bukayr ibn Abdallah Kanadbak (after 651) Busbuhra (briefly) Farrukhzad (only at Ray)

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran, led to the end of the Sasanian Empire in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia.

The rise of Muslims coincided with a significant political, social, economic and military weakness in Persia. Once a major world power, the Sasanian Empire had exhausted its human and material resources after decades of warfare against the Byzantine Empire. The internal political situation quickly deteriorated after the execution of King Khosrau II in 628 AD. Subsequently, ten new claimants were enthroned within the next four years. With conflict erupting between Persian and Parthian factions, the empire was no longer centralized.

Arab Muslims first attacked the Sassanid territory in 633, when general Khalid ibn Walid invaded Mesopotamia (Sassanid province of Asōristān; what is now Iraq), which was the political and economic center of the Sassanid state. Following the transfer of Khalid to the Byzantine front in the Levant, the Muslims eventually lost their holdings to Sassanian counterattacks. The second invasion began in 636 under Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, when a key victory at the Battle of Qadisiyyah led to the permanent end of Sasanian control west of Iran. The Zagros mountains then became a natural barrier and border between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sassanid Empire. Due to continuous raids by Persians into the area, Caliph Umar ordered a full invasion of the Sasanian empire in 642, which led to the complete conquest of the Sasanians around 651. Directing from Medina, a few thousand kilometres from the battlefields of Iran, Caliph Umar's quick conquest of Iran in a series of well-coordinated, multi-pronged attacks became his greatest triumph, contributing to his reputation as a great military and political strategist.

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Wikipedia