Mount Liangshan
Coordinates: 35°47′11.86″N 116°5′33.10″E / 35.7866278°N 116.0925278°E
Mount Liang (Chinese: ; pinyin: , often referred to as Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a mountain in Liangshan County, Shandong province, China which rises to 197.9 m above sea level. It is well known as the stronghold of the 108 legendary Song Dynasty heroes of the classic Chinese novel Water Margin. The modern Liangshan County is located a few kilometres to the north, and 80 km west of the Beijing-Shanghai railway line.
The original Mount Liang was named after the son of Emperor Wen, the King of Liang, who was buried on the mountain. The area was from prehistoric times surrounded by the largest marshland in north China, called the Daye Marsh and later the Liangshan Marsh. During the Song Dynasty, the Yellow River passed through the area. Mount Liang was located at the extreme north of what became known as the "eight hundred li moorage of Mount Liang". Because the area was largely a wasteland on the frontiers of several administrative units, government control was minimal. It is known that bandit chiefs were active in the area during the Northern Song, although Song Jiang - one of the chief protagonists of the Water Margin - was not associated with the area. Some of the bandits on Mount Liangshan preyed selectively upon the rich and became known as "righteous bandits" (yi fei 義匪). Legends about the heroes of Mount Liangshan, which provided the basis for the Water Margin, probably formed from this historical context. Banditry continued on Mount Liang until the mid-seventeenth century, when the Qing Dynasty government established a military garrison at what is now the city of Liangshan.
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