Mid-19th-century Spain

Kingdom of Spain
Reino de España
1810–1873
Naval flag, introduced as national flag 1843 Coat of arms
Motto Plus Ultra "Further Beyond"
Anthem Marcha Real "Royal March" (1813–1822; 1823–1873) Himno de Riego "Anthem of Riego" (1822–1823)
The Kingdom of Spain in 1850.
Capital		Madrid
Languages		Spanish
Religion		Roman Catholic
Government		Absolute monarchy (1814–1820; 1823–1833) Constitutional monarchy (1810-1814; 1820–1823; 1833–1873)
King
•	1813–1833	Ferdinand VII
•	1833–1868	Isabella II
•	1870–1873	Amadeo I
Regent
•	1813–1814	Luis María de Borbón y Vallabriga
•	1869–1871	Francisco Serrano
Prime Minister
•	1813–1814	José Luyandoa
•	1872–1873	Manuel Ruiz Zorrillab
Legislature		Cortes Generales
•	Upper house	Senate
•	Lower house	Congress of Deputies
Historical era		19th century
•	Cádiz Cortes	24 September 1810
•	Amadeo I abdicates	11 February 1873
Currency		Spanish escudo (1813–1869) Spanish peseta (1869–1873)
Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Spain (Napoleonic) Bourbon Spain Couto Misto First Spanish Republic
a.	as First Secretary of State
b.	as President of the Council of Ministers

Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "war of independence" ensued, driven by an emergent Spanish nationalism. An era of reaction against the liberal ideas associated with revolutionary France followed the war, personified by the rule of Ferdinand VII and – to a lesser extent – his daughter Isabella II. Ferdinand's rule included the loss of the Spanish colonies in the New World, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, in the 1810s and 1820s. A series of civil wars then broke out in Spain, pitting Spanish liberals and then republicans against conservatives, culminating in the Carlist Wars between the moderate Queen Isabella and her uncle, the reactionary Infante Carlos. Disaffection with Isabella's government from many quarters led to repeated military intervention in political affairs and to several revolutionary attempts against the government. Two of these revolutions were successful, the moderate Vicalvarada or "Vicálvaro Revolution" of 1854 and the more radical la Gloriosa (Glorious Revolution) in 1868. The latter marks the end of Isabella's monarchy. The brief rule of the liberal king Amadeo I of Spain ended in the establishment of the First Spanish Republic, only to be replaced in 1874 by the popular, moderate rule of Alfonso XII of Spain, which finally brought Spain into a period of stability and reform.