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Martini-Henry

Martini–Henry Mk I–IV
Martini-Henry m1871 - England - AM.032017.jpg
Type Service rifle
Shotgun (Greener Prison Variant)
Place of origin United Kingdom
Service history
In service 1871–1918
Used by United Kingdom & Colonies, Afghanistan, Ottoman Empire, Romania
Wars British colonial wars
Second Anglo-Afghan War
Herzegovina Uprising (1875–1878)
Russo-Turkish War
War of the Pacific
Anglo-Zulu War
Greco-Turkish War (1897)
First Boer War
Balkan Wars
World War I
Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
Soviet war in Afghanistan
Production history
Designer RSAF Enfield
Designed 1870
Manufacturer Various
Produced 1871–1889
No. built approx. 500,000–1,000,000
Variants Martini–Henry Carbine
Greener Prison Shotgun
Gahendra rifle
Specifications
Weight 8 pounds 7 ounces (3.827 kg) (unloaded), 9 pounds, 4.75 ounces (with sword bayonet)
Length 49 inches (124.5 cm)

Cartridge .577/450 Boxer-Henry
.577/450 Martini–Henry
.303 British
11.43x55R (Ottoman)
11.43x59R (Romanian)
7.65x53 (Ottoman)
Calibre 0.450 in (11.4 mm)
Action Martini Falling Block
Rate of fire 12 rounds/minute
Muzzle velocity 1,300 ft/s (400 m/s)
Effective firing range 400 yd (370 m)
Maximum firing range 1,900 yd (1,700 m)
Feed system Single shot
Sights Sliding ramp rear sights, Fixed-post front sights

The Martini–Henry was a breech-loading single-shot lever-actuated rifle used by the British Army. It first entered service in 1871, eventually replacing the Snider–Enfield, a muzzle-loader converted to the cartridge system. Martini–Henry variants were used throughout the British Empire for 30 years. It combined the dropping-block action first developed by Henry O. Peabody (in his Peabody rifle) and improved by the Swiss designer Friedrich von Martini, combined with the polygonal barrel rifling designed by Scotsman Alexander Henry. Though the Snider was the first breechloader firing a metallic cartridge in regular British service, the Martini was designed from the outset as a breechloader and was both faster firing and had a longer range.

There were four main marques of the Martini–Henry rifle produced: Mark I (released in June 1871), Mark II, Mark III, and Mark IV. There was also an 1877 carbine version with variations that included a Garrison Artillery Carbine, an Artillery Carbine (Mark I, Mark II, and Mark III), and smaller versions designed as training rifles for military cadets. The Mark IV Martini–Henry rifle ended production in the year 1889, but remained in service throughout the British Empire until the end of the First World War. It was seen in use by some Afghan tribesmen as late as the Soviet invasion. Early in 2010 and 2011, United States Marines recovered at least three from various Taliban weapons caches in Marjah. In April 2011, another Martini–Henry rifle was found near Orgun in Paktika Province by United States Army's 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault).

The Martini–Henry was copied on a large scale by North-West Frontier Province gunsmiths. Their weapons were of a poorer quality than those made by Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield, but accurately copied down to the proof markings. The chief manufacturers were the Adam Khel Afridi, who lived around the Khyber Pass. The British called such weapons "Pass-made rifles".


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