Nasir ad-Din Muhammad | |||||
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Al-Malik al-Kamil | |||||
Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right)
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Sultan of Egypt | |||||
Reign | 1218 – 6 March 1238 | ||||
Predecessor | Al-Adil I | ||||
Successor | Al-Adil II | ||||
Sultan of Damascus | |||||
Reign | 1238 | ||||
Predecessor | As-Salih Ismail | ||||
Successor | Al-Adil II | ||||
Born | c. 1177 Cairo, Egyptian Sultanate |
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Died | 6 March 1238 Damascus, Damascus Sultanate |
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Issue |
As-Salih Ayyub Al-Adil II |
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Dynasty | Ayyubid | ||||
Father | Al-Adil I | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Full name | |
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al-Malik al-Kamil Naser ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad |
Al-Kamil (Arabic: الكامل) (full name: al-Malik al-Kamil Naser ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Muhammad) (c. 1177 – 6 March 1238) was a Kurdish ruler, the fourth Ayyubid sultan of Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated the Fifth Crusade. He was known to the Frankish crusaders as Meledin, a name by which he is still referred to in some older western sources. As a result of the Sixth Crusade, he ceded Jerusalem to the Christians and is known to have met with Saint Francis.
Al-Kamil was the son of sultan al-Adil ("Saphadin"), a brother of Saladin. Al-Kamil's father was laying siege to the city of Mardin in 1199 when he was called away urgently to deal with a security threat in Damascus. Al-Adil left al-Kamil to command the forces around Mardin continuing the siege. Taking advantage of the Sultan's absence, the combined forces of Mosul, Sinjar and Jazirat ibn Umar appeared at Mardin when it was on the point of surrender, and drew Al-Kamil into battle. He was badly defeated and retreated to Mayyafariqin. However dissent and weakness among his opponents meant that Al-Kamil was able to secure Ayyubid rule in the Jazira region by taking Harran.
In 596/1200, after proclaiming himself Sultan, Al-Adil invited Al-Kamil to come from the Eastern Territories to join him in Egypt as his viceroy (na'ib) in that country. Al-Adil's second son, Al-Mu'azzam Isa, had already been made prince of Damascus in 594/1198. It appears that Al-Adil allowed Al-Kamil a fairly high degree of authority, since he oversaw much of the work on the Cairo citadel, issued decrees in his own name, and even managed to persuade his father to dismiss the powerful minister Ibn Shukr. Al-Kamil remained viceroy until his father's death in 1218 when he became Sultan himself.