Ma Chao

Ma Chao
A Qing dynasty illustration of Ma Chao
General of Shu Han
Born	176
Died	222 (aged 46)
Names
Traditional Chinese	馬超
Simplified Chinese	马超
Pinyin	Mǎ Chāo
Wade–Giles	Ma Ch'ao
Courtesy name	Mengqi (Chinese: 孟起; pinyin: Mèngqǐ; Wade–Giles: Meng-ch'i)
Posthumous name	Marquis Wei (Chinese: 威侯; pinyin: Wēi Hóu)
Other names	Ma Chao the Splendid (simplified Chinese: 锦马超; traditional Chinese: 錦馬超; pinyin: Jǐn Mǎ Chāo)

Ma Chao (176–222),courtesy name Mengqi, was a military general and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period. A descendant of the general Ma Yuan, Ma Chao was the eldest son of Ma Teng, a prominent warlord in Liang Province (covering parts of northwestern China). In 211, he formed a coalition with Han Sui and other northwestern warlords and revolted against the Han central government, which was led by the warlord Cao Cao. The coalition broke up after losing the Battle of Tong Pass against Cao Cao's forces. Ma Chao initially retreated, but later returned to attack and seize control of Liang Province by killing the provincial inspector Wei Kang and forcing Wei Kang's subordinates to submit to him. About a year after Ma Chao started his uprising, Emperor Xian issued an imperial decree ordering the execution of Ma Chao's family members, who were in Ye city at the time. In the meantime, Wei Kang's subordinates, led by Zhao Ang, Yang Fu and others, rebelled against Ma Chao and forced him out of Liang Province. Ma Chao retreated to Hanzhong Commandery, where he borrowed troops from the warlord Zhang Lu, and returned to attack Liang Province but was ultimately defeated and driven back. Ma Chao took shelter under Zhang Lu for a while until around 214, when he heard that the warlord Liu Bei was fighting for control over Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) with Yi Province's governor, Liu Zhang. He defected to Liu Bei's side and assisted Liu Bei in capturing Yi Province from Liu Zhang. Ma Chao had served as a general under Liu Bei since then and participated in the Hanzhong Campaign in 219. He died in 222.