Louis de Lorraine was born in Paris to Henri de Lorraine, Count of Armagnac and his wife Marguerite Philippe du Cambout. His younger brother, Philippe, chevalier de Lorraine, was infamously the lover of Monsieur, i.e., Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger brother of Louis XIV.

He, like his father before him, was the Grand Squire of France, one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France and a member of the King's Household. At Louis' death, the post, as well as style of Monsieur le Grand was taken by his son Charles, Count of Armagnac (at Charles' death, it was given to Louis' grandson, the prince de Lambesc).

At the death of his father in 1666, he inherited the title comte d'Armagnac which, although it evoked the family of the great House of Armagnac, did not entail possession of the vast lands and semi-sovereign authority wielded by the extinct, medieval Counts of Armagnac. His wife was Catherine de Neufville, youngest daughter of Nicolas de Neufville, Duke of Villeroy, who had been governor of the young Louis XIV. She was a sister of François de Neufville de Villeroy, the future governor of Louis XV. The couple had 14 children, of whom only three would have progeny;

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