Liberation of Rome

Battle of Anzio
Part of the Winter Line and the battle for Rome of the Italian Campaign of World War II
Men of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division landing in late January 1944.
Date 22 January – 5 June 1944 136 days Location Anzio and Nettuno 41°26′35″N 12°37′30″E / 41.443022°N 12.624979°E / 41.443022; 12.624979Coordinates: 41°26′35″N 12°37′30″E / 41.443022°N 12.624979°E / 41.443022; 12.624979 Result Allied victory
Belligerents
United States  United Kingdom  Canada	Germany  Italian Social Republic
Commanders and leaders
Harold Alexander Mark W. Clark John P. Lucas Lucian K. Truscott	Albert Kesselring Eberhard von Mackensen
Strength
Initially: 36,000 men 2,300 vehicles 2,700 aircraft Breakout: 150,000 soldiers and 1,500 guns	Initially: 20,000 men 4,600 men 337 aircraft Breakout: 135,000 German soldiers + two Italian battalions
Casualties and losses
43,000 men (7,000 killed, 36,000 wounded or missing)	40,000 men (5,000 killed, 30,500 wounded or missing, 4,500 prisoner)
Location within Italy

The Battle of Anzio was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II that took place from January 22, 1944 (beginning with the Allied amphibious landing known as Operation Shingle) to June 5, 1944 (ending with the capture of Rome). The operation was opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. The operation was initially commanded by Major General John P. Lucas, of the U.S. Army, commanding U.S. VI Corps with the intention being to outflank German forces at the Winter Line and enable an attack on Rome.

The success of an amphibious landing at that location, in a basin consisting substantially of reclaimed marshland and surrounded by mountains, depended on the element of surprise and the swiftness with which the invaders could build up strength and move inland relative to the reaction time and strength of the defenders. Any delay could result in the occupation of the mountains by the defenders and the consequent entrapment of the invaders. Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, commander of the U.S. Fifth Army, understood that risk, but Clark did not pass on his appreciation of the situation to his subordinate, Lucas, who preferred to take time to entrench against an expected counterattack. The initial landing achieved complete surprise with no opposition and a jeep patrol even made it as far as the outskirts of Rome. However, Lucas, who had little confidence in the operation as planned, failed to capitalize on the element of surprise and delaying his advance until he judged his position was sufficiently consolidated and he had sufficient strength.