Kanem Bornu Empire
| Kanem Empire | ||||||||
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 Flag of Kanem also known as Organa from Dulcerta atlas 1339
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 Influence of Kanem Empire around 1200 AD
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| Capital | Njimi | |||||||
| Languages | Tedaga | |||||||
| Religion | traditional beliefs, later Islam | |||||||
| Government | Monarchy | |||||||
| King (Mai) | ||||||||
| • | c. 700 | Sef | ||||||
| • | 1382–1387 | Omar I | ||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | |||||||
| • | Established | c. 700 | ||||||
| • | Invaded and forced to move, thus establishing new Bornu Empire | 1380 | ||||||
| Area | ||||||||
| • | 1200 | 776,996 km2 (300,000 sq mi) | ||||||
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| Bornu Empire | ||||||||||||
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 Flag of Bornu, also known as Organa, from Vallseca atlas of 1439
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 Bornu Empire extent c.1750
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| Capital | Ngazargamu | |||||||||||
| Languages | Kanuri | |||||||||||
| Religion | Islam | |||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | |||||||||||
| King (Mai) | ||||||||||||
| • | 1381–1382 | Said of Bornu | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | |||||||||||
| • | Established | 1380s | ||||||||||
| • | Disestablished | 1893 | ||||||||||
| Area | ||||||||||||
| • | 1800 | 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| • | 1892 | 129,499 km2 (50,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||
| Population | ||||||||||||
| • | 1892 est. | 5,000,000 | ||||||||||
| Density | 39/km2 (100/sq mi) | |||||||||||
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The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire that existed in modern Chad and Nigeria. It was known to the Arabian geographers as the Kanem Empire from the 9th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu (the Bornu Empire) until 1900. The Kanem Empire (c. 700–1380) was located in the present countries of Chad, Nigeria and Libya. At its height it encompassed an area covering not only most of Chad, but also parts of southern Libya (Fezzan) and eastern Niger, northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. The Bornu Empire (1380s–1893) was a state of what is now northeastern Nigeria, in time becoming even larger than Kanem, incorporating areas that are today parts of Chad, Niger, Sudan, and Cameroon; is existed from 1380s to 1893. The early history of the Empire is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle or Girgam discovered in 1851 by the German traveller Heinrich Barth.
Kanem was located at the southern end of the trans-Saharan trade route between Tripoli and the region of Lake Chad. Besides its urban elite it included a confederation of nomadic peoples who spoke languages of the Teda–Daza (Toubou) group.
The origins of Kanem are unclear. Some older histories connect the creation of Kanem-Bornu with exodus from the collapsed Assyrian Empire c. 600 BC to the northeast of Lake Chad. More recent theories tend to support the idea of a closer origin for the migration.
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