Kalugumalai Jain Beds
| Kalugumalai Jain Beds | |
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 Location in Tamil Nadu
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| Basic information | |
| Location | Kalugumalai, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu |
| Geographic coordinates | 9°09′02″N 77°42′15″E / 9.15056°N 77.70417°ECoordinates: 9°09′02″N 77°42′15″E / 9.15056°N 77.70417°E |
| Affiliation | Jainism |
| Country | India |
| Website | kalugumalaitemple |
| Architectural description | |
| Creator | King Parantaka Nedunjadaiya |
| Date established | 8th century |
| Materials | Rock cut |
Kalugumalai Jain beds in Kalugumalai, a panchayat town in Thoothukudi district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, are dedicated to the Jain and Hindu religious figures. Constructed in rock cut architecture, the unfinished temple is believed to have been built during the reign of Pandyan king Parantaka Nedunjadaiya (768-800 CE). The rock-cut architecture exemplary of early Pandyan art. The other portions of Kalugumalai houses the 8th century unfinished Shiva temple, Vettuvan Koil and Kalugasalamoorthy Temple, a Murugan temple at the foothills.
There are approximately 150 niches in the bed, that includes images of Gomateshwara, Parshvanatha and other Tirthankaras of the Jainism. The Jain beds are maintained and administered by Department of Archaeology of the Government of Tamil Nadu as a protected monument.
The temple is believed to have been built during 8th century around 800 AD during the reign of Pandya king Parantaka Nedunjadaiya (768-800 CE). Historians believe that the rock cut carvings and the caves are indicative of dwelling of Digambara sect of Jainism in the region. During modern times, some of the Digambaras attempted replacing the idol of Murugan in the lower cave temple with that of Mahavira. The inscriptions in the bed indicate the position of Jain religious women in the society compared to their male counterparts. There are women higher in the monastic order and they travelled to lot of places. There are twenty one religious places mentioned where these women travelled, out of which eleven have been deciphered - one being Kalugumalai itself, five in Ramanathapuram district, one in Tirupanthuruthi in Kanchipuram district, four in Tirucheranm in Kanyakumari district. Some historians believe that Jains promoted education during the early Pandyan Empire. It is understood from the inscriptions that the Pandyan rulers developed an education centre like a Jain University near Kanyakumari exclusively for women. This led to the conclusion that Jainism had more influence on the people in the region than Buddhism. As per the inscriptions, there were around 8,000 Jains living in the regions around Madurai.
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