John Watson (philosopher)
| John Watson | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Born |
February 25, 1847 Glasgow, Scotland |
| Died | January 27, 1939 (aged 91) Kingston, Ontario, Canada |
| Occupation | Philosopher |
John Watson (1847–1939) was a Canadian philosopher and academic.
John Watson was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1847. He attended the Free Church School in Kilmarnock, then enrolled at the University of Edinburgh. Within a month, however, he was drawn to the University of Glasgow by the reputations of the brothers John Caird, professor of divinity, and Edward Caird, professor of moral philosophy. On completion of his studies in 1872, he was appointed on the basis of the recommendation of his mentor Edward Caird to the Chair of Logic, Metaphysics, and Ethics at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. Caird had written that "Watson is perhaps a man of the 'driest light' that I know. I do not know anyone who sees his way more clearly through any philosophical entanglements." He spent the remainder of his career at Queen's and died in Kingston in 1939. Among his works are Kant and his English Critics, Christianity and Idealism, and The State in Peace and War. He was the Gifford Lecturer for 1910-1912 at the University of Glasgow after which his lectures were published as The Interpretation of Religious Experience. He was a charter member of the Royal Society of Canada. Watson Hall at Queen's University is named after him.
Watson’s philosophy, which he called Speculative or Constructive Idealism, continued the Hegelian critique of Kant as pursued by Thomas Hill Green, Francis Herbert Bradley, and especially by his teacher at the University of Glasgow, Edward Caird. The main distinction between his position and that of Kant’s Critical Idealism is that while both maintain that the universe is rational and that reason is self-harmonious, Critical Idealism denies that either of these propositions can be established on the basis of knowledge, while Speculative Idealism contends that the opposition of the theoretical and practical reason is fatal to both positions. While Critical Idealism falls back upon certain “postulates” of the moral consciousness in support of “faith,” Speculative Idealism refuses to accept the antithesis of faith and knowledge, theoretical and practical reason, maintaining that a faith which is not identical with reason, a theoretical reason which is not in harmony with practical reason, is beset by an inherent weakness, which is sure to betray itself under the most searching of all tests, the test of self-criticism. All that exists is rational and in principle knowable. The degree to which it is known reflects both evolution and history. The human being possesses–as a result of evolution–a principle of rationality that makes it possible to comprehend the rationality of the world and to master it. Watson argued that this capacity could not, however, have resulted from natural selection. By contrast, human evolution, especially as continued in history, represents a transcendence of nature, “the gradual realisation of reason in the individual and in society, and the gradual comprehension of the meaning of both when viewed in their relation to the world and God”.
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