Jewish-Roman Wars
| Jewish–Roman wars | |||||||||
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 Depiction of the Roman triumph celebrating the Sack of Jerusalem on the Arch of Titus in Rome. The procession features the Menorah and other vessels taken from the Second Temple. |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Roman Empire
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Jewish Zealots; Jewish rebels; Bar-Kokhba's army. |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Titus Vespasian Marcus Lupus
Marcius Turbo Lusius Quietus
Hadrian Sextus Julius Severus
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Hannan Eleazar ben Hanania Bar-Giora Eleazar John Artemion Lukuas Julian and Pappus; Simon bar Kokhba Eleazar of Modi'im |
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| Strength | |||||||||
| Great revolt: 30,000 (Beth Horon) – 60,000 (Siege of Jerusalem)
Kitos War: forces of the eastern legions Bar Kokhba revolt: 7 full legions with cohorts and auxiliaries of 5 additional legions – about 120,000 total. |
Great revolt: 25,000+ Jewish militias 20,000 Edomeans Kitos War: loosely organized tens of thousands Bar-Kokhba revolt: 200,000 – 400,000b militia men |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Great revolt: Legio XII Fulminata lost its aquila and Syrian contingent destroyed – about 20,000 casualties;
Kitos War: 240,000 civilians killed in Cyprusa, 200,000 killed in Cyrenaicaa; Bar-Kokhba revolt: Legio XXII Deiotariana destroyed, Legio IX Hispana possibly disbanded, Legio X Fretensis – sustained heavy casualties |
Great revolt: 250,000 – 1.1 millionc Jews killed; enslavement of 97,000c;
Kitos War: annihilation of Jewish communities in Cyprus, Cyrenaica and Alexandria; Bar Kokhba revolt: 400,000 – 580,000a civilians and militia massacred, 985 Judean villages razeda. |
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| 350,000 - 2,000,000+ fatalities | |||||||||
| [a] - per Cassius Dio [b] - according to Rabbinic sources [c] - per Josephus |
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Decisive Roman Empire victory:
The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of the Eastern Mediterranean against the Roman Empire between 66 and 136 CE. While the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE) and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE) were nationalist rebellions, striving to restore an independent Judean state, the Kitos War was more of an ethno-religious conflict, mostly fought outside of the Judea Province. Hence, some sources use the term Jewish-Roman Wars to refer only to the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE) and the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE), while others include the Kitos War (115–117 CE) as one of the Jewish–Roman wars.
The Jewish–Roman wars had an important impact on the Jews, turning them from a major population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a scattered and persecuted minority. The Jewish-Roman Wars are often cited as a disaster to Jewish society. The events also had a major impact on Judaism, after the central worship site of Second Temple Judaism, the Second Temple in Jerusalem, was destroyed by Titus' troops. Although having a sort of autonomy in the Galilee until the 4th century such as the Council of Jamnia (or Yavne), and later a limited success in establishing the short-lived Sasanian Jewish autonomy in Jerusalem in 614–617 CE, Jewish dominance in parts of the Southern Levant was regained only in the mid-20th century, with the founding of the modern state of Israel in 1948 CE.
The Jewish–Roman wars include the following:
Following increasing Roman domination of the Eastern Mediterranean, the client kingdom of the Herodian dynasty had been officially merged into the Roman Empire in the year 6 CE with the creation of Roman Judea. The transition of the Tetrarchy of Judea into a Roman province immediately brought a great deal of tensions and a Jewish uprising by Judas of Galilee erupted right away as a response to the Census of Quirinius.
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