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Ivy gourd

Coccinia grandis
Coccinia grandis Ivy gourd compose.jpg
Ivy gourd
Baby Watermelon BNC.jpg
Ivy gourd cross section
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Coccinia
Species: C. grandis
Binomial name
Coccinia grandis
(L.) Voigt
Synonyms
  • Bryonia acerifolia D.Dietr.
  • Bryonia alceifolia Willd.
  • Bryonia barbata Buch.-Ham. ex Cogn.
  • Bryonia grandis L.
  • Bryonia sinuosa Wall. nom. inval.
  • Cephalandra grandis Kurz
  • Cephalandra indica (Wight & Arn.) Naudin nom. illeg.
  • Cephalandra moghadd (Asch.) Broun & Massey
  • Cephalandra schimperi Naudin
  • Coccinia helenae Buscal. & Muschl.
  • Coccinia indica Wight & Arn. nom. illeg.
  • Coccinia loureiriana M.Roem.
  • Coccinia moghadd (J.F.Gmel.) Asch.
  • Coccinia moimoi M.Roem.
  • Coccinia palmatisecta Kotschy
  • Coccinia schimperi Naudin
  • Coccinia wightiana M.Roem.
  • Cucumis pavel Kostel.
  • Cucurbita dioica Roxb. ex Wight & Arn.
  • Momordica bicolor Blume

Coccinia grandis, the ivy gourd, also known as scarlet gourd and Kowai, is a tropical vine. In Southeast Asia, it is grown for its edible young shoots and edible fruits.

Its native range extends from Africa to Asia, including India, the Philippines, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, eastern Papua New Guinea, and the Northern Territories, Australia. Its documented introduced range includes the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Saipan, Hawaii, the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Tonga, and Vanuatu.

Seeds or fragments of the vine can be relocated and lead to viable offspring. This can occur when humans transport organic debris or equipment containing C. grandis. Once the ivy gourd is established, it is presumably spread by birds, rats, and other mammals. In Hawaii, the fruit may be dispersed by pigs. Long-distance dispersal is most commonly carried out by humans due to its culinary uses or by mistake. Regarded as very invasive and on the Hawaii State Noxious Weed List, ivy gourd can grow up to four inches per day. It grows in dense blankets, shading other plants from sunlight and highjacking nutrients, effectively killing vegetation underneath. It was introduced to Hawaii as a backyard food crop. It is sometimes tolerated along garden fences and other outdoor features because of its attractive white flowers. It has escaped to become a vigorous pest in Hawaii, Florida, Australia, and Texas.

This plant is a perennial climber with single tendrils and glabrous leaves. The leaves have 5 lobes and are 6.5–8.5 cm long and 7–8 cm wide. Female and male flowers emerge at the axils on the petiole, and have 3 stamens.

Both physical and chemical recommendations are made for control of the ivy gourd. It is very difficult to control this plant physically except by bagging fruits. Hand-harvesting normally does not kill the plant, but rather breaks the vine blankets into smaller pieces and the plant is able to re-establish when it touches the ground. These methods can make the infestation worse and further the need for more rigorous control methods. Picking the fruit and placing them in plastic bags can help decrease the seed bank present with the soil. When using chemical controls, that ivy gourd responded well to a thin-lined bark application of 100% Garlon 4 (triclopyr), leaving plants in place so as not to translocate the herbicide or spread the pest. It is applied multiple times until the vine dies. In Hawaii, several species of insect have been introduced with the purpose of being a biocontrol. Two weevils, Acythopeus burkhartorum and A. cocciniae, were introduced by the Department of Agriculture to Oahu and Hawaii. African vine moths were also released onto Oahu and Maui. On the island of Maui, the A. cocciniae apparently is established and damaging leaves. The larvae feed on the plant and the adults chew holes in the leaves. The moth has yet to appear successful in its purpose.


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Wikipedia

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