Haplogroup O-M95
| Haplogroup O-K18 | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 28,500 [95% CI 26,200 <-> 30,900] years before present |
| Coalescence age | 22,200 [95% CI 20,000 <-> 24,400] years before present |
| Ancestor | O-P31 |
| Descendants | O-CTS10887, O-PK4 |
| Defining mutations | K18, F1888/M1356, M1307/K19, M1446, plus 63 other SNPs |
| Haplogroup O-M95 | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Possible time of origin | 12,400 [95% CI 10,900 <-> 14,000] years before present |
| Coalescence age | 10,900 [95% CI 9,700 <-> 12,200] years before present |
| Ancestor | O-K18 > O-PK4 |
| Descendants | O-CTS10007, O-M1283, O-F4212, O-CTS10484, O-CTS7399, O-M111 |
| Defining mutations | M95, F1931/M1362, F1358/M1318, CTS11761/M1487, F987/M1300, M1449, Y14250/Z23640, CTS9030/M1429, M1311, M1452, F709, M1458, CTS10977/M1474, FGC29889/Z23644/Y9045, F2176/M1376, FGC19660/Y9046, F2917/M1436, F4233/M1404, F2254/M1383, M1335, M1373 |
| Highest frequencies | Nicobarese, Shompen, Bonda, Juang, Gadaba, Birhor, Lamet, Korku, Ho |
In genetics, Haplogroup O-K18 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-K18 is a descendant branch of Haplogroup O-P31. It is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.
From a genetic standpoint, Haplogroup O-K18 is suggested to have originated around Northeast Asia due to the pattern of its coalescence age. Haplogroup O-K18 is quite difficult to trace due to the limited amount of individuals who carry O-K18, including archaeological DNA samples. Hence, most studies lean towards Haplogroup O-M95.
Most recent studies of Haplogroup O-M95 (its derived subclade) Y-STR diversity shows consistency and verifies to support the Haplogroup O-K18 origin in northeast Asia. Haplogroup O-M95 Y-STR diversity shows from India as having the lowest Y-STR diversity following Southeast Asia and reaching South China as the highest Y-STR diversity based on the comparison of those three areas. This insist Haplogroup O-M95 in India was very unlikely to have originated there while South China was likely to be the earliest known origin of expansion with current known data; no Y-STR diversity regarding Haplogroup O-M95 analysis was done in regions North of South China yet. Haplogroup O-M95 coalescence age also supports this study as India have one of the most recent internal subclade (O-Y9033) for Haplogroup O-M95. In addition, the coalescence age of Haplogroup O-M95 overall shows a pattern that tends to move in a Northeast direction of Asia the older the internal subclade is. Furthermore, to support this, a Japanese individual from a Japanese FTDNA project has the internal subclade O-M95* which means that person holds the earliest recorded Haplogroup O-M95 with regard to coalescence age.
Therefore, despite Haplogroup O-M95's wide distribution, it must be clear that Y-STR diversity is usually more important in finding an origin than high frequency of distribution with coalescence age assisting the whole process.
Haplogroup O-K18 is distributed widely in Asia, from southern India to the Altai Mountains and Central Asia in the west, and from Indonesia to northern China and Japan in the east. It is found only at marginally low frequencies of approximately 1% at the periphery of its distribution in southern India, Central Asia, northern China, and Japan, but many populations within the vast intervening territory in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China display a greatly elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-K18 Y-chromosomes. Haplogroup O-M122, which attains its peak frequency among the Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien peoples of China and Southeast Asia, and Haplogroup O-M119, which predominates among Taiwanese aborigines and many populations of the Philippines, also generally occur among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South China and the Indochinese Peninsula, but usually at much lower frequencies than Haplogroup O-M95.
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