Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup C-M217 C2 (previously C3)

Possible time of origin	11,900 ± 4,800 years before present 14,920 ± 3,830 years (evolutionary mutation rate) or 4,120 ± 1,060 years (genealogical mutation rate) 34,200 [95% CI 31,800 <-> 36,600] ybp
Possible place of origin	Probably Central Asia or East Asia
Ancestor	C-M130
Descendants	C-M93 (C2a); C-CTS117 (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
Defining mutations	M217, P44, PK2
Highest frequencies	Oroqen 61%-91%,Evens 5%-74%,Evenks 44%-71%,Buryats 7%-84%,Mongolians 51%-54%,Kazakhs 40%-60.7%,Tanana 42%, -41.18%Hazaras 35% - 40%,Nivkhs 38%,Koryaks 33%,Daur 31%,Yukaghir 31%,Sibe 27%,Manchu 26%-27%,Altai 22%-24%,Hezhe 22%,Kyrgyz 20%,Uzbeks 20%,Hani 18%,Cheyenne 16%,Apache 15%,Tuvans 11% - 15%,Ainu 12.5%-25%,Koreans 9%-17%,Hui 11%,Sioux 11%,Nogais 14%,Crimean Tatars 9%,Han 0%-23.5%,Vietnamese 4.3%-12.5%,7% Tabassarans Abazinians, Japanese 2.1%-6.9%, Tajik 3.57%, 2.9%Adygei, Pasthun 2.04%

Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2 (and previously as C3), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130).

M217 is found at high frequencies among Central Asian peoples, indigenous Siberians, and some Native peoples of North America. In particular, males belonging to peoples such as the Buryats, Evens, Evenks, Kazakhs, Mongolians and Udegeys have high levels of M217.

One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C2 (M217) has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan,However, there are many opposing ideas here. According to the recent result, C2's subgroups are divided into C2b and C2e, and in Mongolia, most belong to C2b(Genghis Khan modal), while very few are C2e. On the other hand, C2b takes minority and most are C2e in Japan and Korea and Southern East Asia. C2e is widely spread in Southern east Asia and east Asia, and it appears that those are part of Y haplogroup of Paleo-Asiatic race on the seaside, not the Y haplogroup which Mongolia wishes for. Its subclade Haplogroup C-M48, which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu Aisin Gioro and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is absent from many Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).

Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have originated approximately 7,100 to 16,700 years before present in eastern or central Asia. Its closest phylogenetic relatives are found in the general vicinity of South Asia, East Asia, or Oceania.

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