Haplogroup C-CTS117

Haplogroup C-M48 (C2b1a2)
Possible time of origin	14,700 [95% CI 13,300 <-> 16,100] years before present 15,557 [95% CI 14,443 <-> 16,732] years before present
Possible place of origin	perhaps Mongolia or the Lake Baikal region
Coalescence age	12,131 [95% CI 10,916 <-> 13,363] years before present 2,750 ± 1,370 years before present 3,500 [95% CI 300–19,700] years before present 3,800 [95% CI 3,100 <-> 4,600] years before present 5,940 ± 2,900 years (evolutionary mutation rate) or 1,630 ± 800 years (genealogical mutation rate) 10,800 ± 2,300 years ago or 9,300 ± 3,300 years ago
Ancestor	C-F1699 (C2b1)
Defining mutations	M48, M77, M86
Highest frequencies	Oroqen 42%-68%,Evenks 44%-71%,Evenks 27%-70%,Udegey 60%,Negidal 20%-100%,Evens 5%-61%,Kazakhs 42%-63%,Itelmen 39%,Ulchi/Nanai 38%,Kalmyks 37%-45%,Nivkhs 35%,Koryaks 33%,Yukaghir 23%,/>Mongolians 18%-46% (Uriankhai 33%, Zakhchin 30%, Khalkh 15%, Khoton 10%), Dolgans 12%,Hezhe 11%,Tuvans 9% [6%-20%],Kyrgyz 7% [5%-12%]

Haplogroup C-M48 also known as C2b1a2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

It is found frequently amongst members of Central Asian and Siberian peoples, such as the Evenks,Evens,Kazakhs,Koryaks, Mongols (especially Oirats, such as Kalmyks,Zakhchin,Uriankhai, and the population of northwest Mongolia in general), and Yukaghirs.

Haplogroup C-M48 also has been found occasionally in some ethnic groups outside its typical range in Siberia and Central Asia, such as Japanese (2/53 Kyushu, 1/70 Tokushima, 0/61 Shizuoka, 0/45 Okinawa, 0/26 Aomori, 0/4 Ainu), Tibetans (4/479 Xizang, 0/52 Qinghai), and Russians (1/406), some of whom exhibit divergent Y-STR haplotypes.

Karmin et al. 2015 have found a divergent branch of C-M48, which they have named C3c2-B90 and which ISOGG has named C2b1a2b-B90, in three Koryaks and one Evenk. Although the M48 and M77 SNPs have long been considered to be phylogenetically equivalent, marking the same clade of the human Y-DNA phylogeny, the C3c2-B90 clade has been found to be positive for the M48 mutation, but negative for the M77 mutation.

C-B91 is a subclade of C-B90 that has been found in Koryaks. It subsumes the C-B92 and C-B94 subclades. Karmin et al. 2015 have found Y-DNA belonging to C-B92 in two Koryaks who they have estimated to share a most recent common ancestor 594 [95% CI 285 <-> 939] years before present. The two Koryaks in C-B92 have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with a Koryak who belongs to the C-B94 subclade 3,812 [95% CI 3,005 <-> 4,654] years before present.

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