Haplogroup C-M217

Haplogroup C-M217 C2 (previously C3)
Possible time of origin	11,900 ± 4,800 years before present 14,920 ± 3,830 years (evolutionary mutation rate) or 4,120 ± 1,060 years (genealogical mutation rate) 34,200 [95% CI 31,800 <-> 36,600] ybp
Possible place of origin	Probably Central Asia or East Asia
Ancestor	C M130
Descendants	C-M93 (C2a); C-CTS117 (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
Defining mutations	M217, P44, PK2
Highest frequencies	Oroqen 61%-91%,Evens 5%-74%,Evenks 44%-71%,Buryats 7%-84%,Mongolians 51%-54%,Kazakhs 40%-60.7%,Tanana 42%,Uzbeks 20%, -41.18%Hazaras 35% - 40%,Nivkhs 38%,Koryaks 33%,Daur 31%,Yukaghir 31%,Sibe 27%,Manchu 26%-27%,Altai 22%-24%,Hezhe 22%,Kyrgyz 20%,Hani 18%,Cheyenne 16%,Apache 15%,Tuvans 11% - 15%,Ainu 12.5%-25%,Koreans 13%-21%,Hui 11%,Sioux 11%,Nogais 14%,Crimean Tatars 9%,Han 0%-23.5%,Vietnamese 4.3%-12.5%, Japanese 2.1%-6.9%, Tajik 3.57%,Pasthun 2.04%

Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2 (and previously as C3), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the most frequently occurring branch of the wider Haplogroup C (M130).

M217 is found at high frequencies among Central Asian peoples, indigenous Siberians, and some Native peoples of North America. In particular, males belonging to peoples such as the Buryats, Evens, Evenks, Kazakhs, Mongolians and Udegeys have high levels of M217.

One particular haplotype within Haplogroup C2 (M217) has received a great deal of attention, because of the possibility that it may represent direct patrilineal descent from Genghis Khan, one of his male-line ancestors, and/or other males belonging to the Borjigin clan. While Haplogroup C-M217 has been found in about 14% of Northern Han Chinese, its subclade Haplogroup C-M48, which has been identified as a possible marker of the Manchu Aisin Gioro and has been found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, is absent from many Han Chinese populations (Heilongjiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Sichuan and Xinjiang).

Haplogroup C-M217 is believed to have originated approximately 7,100 to 16,700 years before present in eastern or central Asia. Its closest phylogenetic relatives are found in the general vicinity of South Asia, East Asia, or Oceania.

The extremely broad distribution of Haplogroup C-M217 Y-chromosomes, coupled with the fact that the ancestral paragroup C is not found among any of the modern Siberian or North American populations among whom Haplogroup C-M217 predominates, makes the determination of the geographical origin of the defining M217 mutation exceedingly difficult. The presence of Haplogroup C-M217 at a low frequency but relatively high diversity throughout East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia makes that region one likely source. In addition, the C-M217 haplotypes found with high frequency among North Asian populations appear to belong to a different genealogical branch from the C-M217 haplotypes found with low frequency among East and Southeast Asians, which suggests that the marginal presence of C-M217 among modern East and Southeast Asian populations may not be due to recent admixture from Northeast or Central Asia.

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Wikipedia