German Late Middle Ages
| Holy Roman Empire | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Sacrum Imperium Romanum (in Latin) Heiliges Römisches Reich (in German) |
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 Coat of arms of
Francis II |
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 The Holy Roman Empire around 1600, superimposed over current state borders
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| Capital | No official capital, various imperial seats | |||||||||||||||||||
| Languages |
Latin (administrative/liturgical/ceremonial) Various |
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| Religion |
pre-Schism Chalcedonian Christianity (until 1054) Roman Catholicism (1054-1806) Lutheranism (1555–1806) Calvinism (1648–1806) see details |
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| Government | Elective monarchy | |||||||||||||||||||
| Emperor | ||||||||||||||||||||
| • | 800–814 | Charlemagne | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 962–973 | Otto I (first) | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1792–1806 | Francis II (last) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Imperial Diet | |||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era |
Middle Ages Early modern period |
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| • | Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of the Romans | 25 December 800 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Otto I is crowned Emperor of the Romans | 2 February 962 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Conrad II assumes crown of Burgundy | 2 February 1033 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Peace of Augsburg | 25 September 1555 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Peace of Westphalia | 24 October 1648 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Battle of Austerlitz | 2 December 1805 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | Francis II abdicated | 6 August 1806 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Population | ||||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1200 est. | 5,000,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1500 est. | 16,000,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1618 est. | 21,000,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1648 est. | 16,000,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 1786 est. | 26,265,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
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The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum; German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806. The largest territory of the empire after 962 was the Kingdom of Germany, though it also came to include the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy, the Kingdom of Italy, and numerous other territories.
On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as Emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe, more than three centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar, in 924.
The title was revived in 962 when Otto I was crowned emperor, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire, while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning. Scholars generally concur, however, in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role.
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Wikipedia