Geng Zhongming

Geng Zhongming (Chinese: 耿仲明; pinyin: Gěng Zhòngmíng; Wade–Giles: Keng³ Chung⁴-ming²; 1604–1649) was a military leader who lived through the transition from the Ming (1368–1644) to the Qing (1644–1912) dynasty, during which he served both sides. His grandson Geng Jingzhong was one of the Three Feudatories who rebelled against Qing rule in the 1670s.

Geng Zhongming had first served under Ming warlord Mao Wenlong near the border of Joseon Korea. When the latter was executed by Yuan Chonghuan in 1629 for insubordination, Geng and other military leaders like Kong Youde (孔有德; 1602–1654) refused to serve Yuan. With their troops, they fled by boat from the Liaodong peninsula to Dengzhou (登州) in Shandong. There, Geng was hired by Shandong governor Sun Yuanhua (孫元化) and allowed to join the Dengzhou garrison, where Sun was casting European-style cannon with the help of Portuguese soldiers. Sun gave Geng and Kong some training in the use of Portuguese artillery. In February 1632, Kong and Geng rebelled, established a separatist regime in Dengzhou (Kong was named "king"), and tried to seize other towns in eastern Shandong, but they were eventually dislodged by a Ming relief force. In May 1633 they crossed the Bohai Gulf back to Liaodong and submitted to Hong Taiji (1592–1643), khan of the Jurchens and soon-to-be emperor of the Qing dynasty.

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