GRAPO

First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (GRAPO)
Flag of the PCE(r) and the GRAPO, based on the Spanish Republic flag
Motives	The creation of a Socialist republic in Spain
Active region(s)	Spain
Ideology	Marxism–Leninism, Anti-Revisionism
Status	Inactive

The First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (Spanish: Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre, GRAPO) is a Spanish clandestine Maoist group aiming for the formation of a Spanish Republican state, based on the model of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong.

Besides its anticapitalism, it is anti-imperialist, being strongly opposed to Spain's NATO membership.

To date, the latest violent action inflicted by GRAPO dates from 2006. After having been fairly active in the late 1970s and early 1980s, currently the dwindling number of its militants, lack of any social support and police action has allowed Spanish officials to claim a number of times to have disbanded the GRAPO after the few remaining militants of the band were captured. According to the Spanish police, GRAPO was disbanded after six of its militants were arrested in June 2007 but, formally, the group has not announced its dissolution.

GRAPO is included in the European Union list of terrorist persons and organisations.

GRAPO has its origins in the Organisation of Marxist–Leninists of Spain (OMLE), which dissolved itself in its first congress in 1975. At the beginning of 1976, two months after General Francisco Franco’s death, during the Spanish transition to democracy from dictatorship, the Communist Party of Spain (Reconstituted) (PCE-r) began a struggle against the political reforms. The PCE(r) restructured itself into different commissions; one of these was a “front against fascism”, founded by Juan Carlos Delgado de Codex, which became the GRAPO.

This newly-born movement was named after the killing of four Spanish policemen on October 1, 1975, the first violent action of the PCE(r). The "Antifascist Resistance Groups October First" (GRAPO) took this date as a starting point as a terrorist organization. Only two months later, after five PCE(r) supporters were killed by the Spanish police during demonstrations in Vitoria-Gasteiz, the PCE(r) told its sympathizers to take up arms and create the nucleus of a future Spanish “Red Army” which would be directed by a central command. A number of explosive devices were detonated in different locations in Spain on July 18, 1976 and GRAPO claimed responsibility for the coordinated explosions in the press, becoming well-known overnight.