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French 5th Republic

French Republic
République française
Motto: "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité" (French)
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem: "La Marseillaise"
Location of  France  (dark green)in the European Union  (light green)
Location of  France  (dark green)

in the European Union  (light green)

Capital Paris
48°51.4′N 2°21.05′E / 48.8567°N 2.35083°E / 48.8567; 2.35083
Official languages French
Government Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic
• President
Emmanuel Macron
Édouard Philippe
Legislature Parliament
Senate
National Assembly
Establishment
4 October 1958 (58 years)
Currency
ISO 3166 code FR

in the European Union  (light green)

The Fifth Republic, France's current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential, or dual-executive, system that split powers between a prime minister as head of government and a president as head of state. De Gaulle, who was the first president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying l'esprit de la nation ("the spirit of the nation").

The Fifth Republic is France's third-longest political regime, after the hereditary and feudal monarchies of the Ancien Régime (c. 15th century – 1792) and the parliamentary Third Republic (1870–1940).

The trigger for the collapse of the French Fourth Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958. France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization. French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union. Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from the Metropole. The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as white settlers, who wanted to stay part of France. The Algerian War was not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war. Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the "Algérie française" movement to defeat separation.


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