First Chinese domination of Vietnam

Bắc thuộc
District of the Han Empire
← 111 BC–40 →
Government		Monarchy
History
•	Han-Nam Việt War	111 BC
•	Trưng Sisters' Uprising	40

The first Chinese domination is a period in Vietnamese history during which Vietnam was under Chinese rule from the north. It is the first of four periods of Chinese domination of Vietnam, the first three of which are almost continuous and referred to as Bắc thuộc ("Northern domination").

In 111 BC, the Han dynasty of China conquered the Nam Việt (or Nanyue) kingdom during its expansion southward and incorporated what is now northern Vietnam, together with much of modern Guangdong and Guangxi, into the expanding Han empire. Vietnamese resistance to Han rule culminated in the rebellion of the Trưng Sisters, who expelled the Han in 40 AD and briefly ruled Vietnam until being defeated by the returning Han army in 43 AD.

In 111 BC, the Han dynasty armies defeated the successors of Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) and incorporated Nam Việt and former Âu Lạc into the Han empire under the new name of Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ), dividing the former kingdom into nine commanderies and the three last commanderies are commonly used in Vietnamese current history books:

All nine districts were administered from Long Biên, near modern Hanoi; each ruled by a Chinese mandarin while the old system of lower rank rulers of Lac Hau, Lac Tuong were kept unchanged.

The Vietnamese paid heavy tributes and taxes to the Hans. The Han mandarins tried to occupy large areas of land and changed them into Chinese style farms and brought Chinese peasants to work them. The Chinese attempted to impose Chinese culture, institutions, educational system, politics, language, art, music, architecture and religion on the Vietnamese, and imported Chinese administrators to replace the local nobility. However, implementation of a foreign administrative system and the Sinicization was not easy, frequent uprisings and rebellions were indicative of Vietnamese resistance to these changes.

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