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Ferrous sulfate

Iron(II) sulfate
Skeletal formula of iron(II) sulfate
Structure of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate
Sample of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate
Names
IUPAC name
Iron(II) sulfate
Other names
Ferrous sulfate, Green vitriol, Iron vitriol, Copperas, Melanterite, Szomolnokite
Identifiers
7720-78-7 (anhydrous) YesY
17375-41-6 (monohydrate) N
7782-63-0 (heptahydrate) N
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:75832 N
ChEMBL ChEMBL1200830 N
ChemSpider 22804 (anhydrous) YesY
56459 (monohydrate) N
22804 (heptahydrate) N
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.867
EC Number 231-753-5
PubChem 24393 (anhydrous)
62712 (monohydrate)
62662 (heptahydrate)
RTECS number NO8500000 (anhydrous)
NO8510000 (heptahydrate)
UNII 2IDP3X9OUD (anhydrous) N
RIB00980VW (monohydrate) N
G0Z5449449 (dihydrate) N
39R4TAN1VT (heptahydrate) N
UN number 3077
Properties
FeSO4
Molar mass 151.91 g/mol (anhydrous)
169.93 g/mol (monohydrate)
241.99 g/mol (pentahydrate)
260.00 g/mol (hexahydrate)
278.02 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearance White crystals (anhydrous)
White-yellow crystals (monohydrate)
Blue-green crystals (heptahydrate)
Odor Odorless
Density 3.65 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
3 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
2.15 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)
1.934 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
1.895 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
Melting point 680 °C (1,256 °F; 953 K)
(anhydrous) decomposes
300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
(monohydrate) decomposes
60–64 °C (140–147 °F; 333–337 K)
(heptahydrate) decomposes
Monohydrate:
44.69 g/100 mL (77 °C)
35.97 g/100 mL (90.1 °C)
Heptahydrate:
15.65 g/100 mL (0 °C)
20.5 g/100 mL (10 °C)
29.51 g/100 mL (25 °C)
39.89 g/100 mL (40.1 °C)
51.35 g/100 mL (54 °C)
Solubility Negligible in alcohol
Solubility in ethylene glycol 6.4 g/100 g (20 °C)
Vapor pressure 1.95 kPa (heptahydrate)
1.24×10−2 cm3/mol (anhydrous)
1.05×10−2 cm3/mol (monohydrate)
1.12×10−2 cm3/mol (heptahydrate)
+10200×10−6 cm3/mol
1.591 (monohydrate)
1.526–1.528 (21 °C, tetrahydrate)
1.513–1.515 (pentahydrate)
1.468 (hexahydrate)
1.471 (heptahydrate)
Structure
Orthorhombic, oP24 (anhydrous)
Monoclinic, mS36 (monohydrate)
Monoclinic, mP72 (tetrahydrate)
Triclinic, aP42 (pentahydrate)
Monoclinic, mS192 (hexahydrate)
Monoclinic, mP108 (heptahydrate)
Pnma, No. 62 (anhydrous)
C2/c, No. 15 (monohydrate, hexahydrate)
P21/n, No. 14 (tetrahydrate)
P1, No. 2 (pentahydrate)
P21/c, No. 14 (heptahydrate)
2/m 2/m 2/m (anhydrous)
2/m (monohydrate, tetrahydrate, hexahydrate, heptahydrate)
1 (pentahydrate)
a = 8.704(2) Å, b = 6.801(3) Å, c = 4.786(8) Å (293 K, anhydrous)
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
Octahedral (Fe2+)
Thermochemistry
100.6 J/mol·K (anhydrous)
394.5 J/mol·K (heptahydrate)
107.5 J/mol·K (anhydrous)
409.1 J/mol·K (heptahydrate)
−928.4 kJ/mol (anhydrous)
−3016 kJ/mol (heptahydrate)
−820.8 kJ/mol (anhydrous)
−2512 kJ/mol (heptahydrate)
Pharmacology
B03AA07 (WHO)
Hazards
GHS pictograms The exclamation-mark pictogram in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
GHS signal word Warning
H302, H315, H319
P305+351+338
Irritant Xi Harmful Xn
R-phrases R22, R36/38
S-phrases (S2), S46
NFPA 704
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g., canola oil Health code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g., chloroform Reactivity code 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g., calcium Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
 237 mg/kg (rat, oral)
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 1 mg/m3
Related compounds
Other cations
Cobalt(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate
Manganese(II) sulfate
Nickel(II) sulfate
Related compounds
 Iron(III) sulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N  (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula FeSO4·xH2O. These compounds exist most commonly as the heptahydrate (x = 7) but are known for several values of x. The hydrated form is used medically to treat iron deficiency, and also for industrial applications. Known since ancient times as copperas and as green vitriol, the blue-green heptahydrate is the most common form of this material. All the iron(II) sulfates dissolve in water to give the same aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry and is paramagnetic. The name copperas dates from times when the copper(II) sulfate was known as blue copperas, and perhaps in analogy, iron(II) and zinc sulfate were known respectively as green and white copperas.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.

Industrially, ferrous sulfate is mainly used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is a reducing agent, and as such is useful for the reduction of chromate in cement to less toxic Cr(III) compounds. Historically ferrous sulfate was used in the textile industry for centuries as a dye fixative. It is used historically to blacken leather and as a constituent of ink.

Together with other iron compounds, ferrous sulfate is used to fortify foods and to treat iron deficiency anemia. Constipation is a frequent and uncomfortable side effect associated with the administration of oral iron supplements. Stool softeners often are prescribed to prevent constipation.

Ferrous sulfate was used in the manufacture of inks, most notably iron gall ink, which was used from the middle ages until the end of the eighteenth century. Chemical tests made on the Lachish letters (c.588–586 BCE) showed the possible presence of iron. It is thought that oak galls and copperas may have been used in making the ink on those letters. It also finds use in wool dyeing as a mordant. Harewood, a material used in marquetry and parquetry since the 17th century, is also made using ferrous sulfate.


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