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Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo
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Governor of Milan
In office
1555–1556
Monarch Charles I of Spain
Preceded by Ferdinando Gonzaga
Succeeded by Cristoforo Madruzzo
Viceroy of Naples
In office
1556–1558
Monarch Charles I of Spain
Preceded by Bernardino de Mendoza
Succeeded by Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba
Governor of the Netherlands
In office
1567–1573
Monarch Philip II of Spain
Preceded by Margaret of Austria
Succeeded by Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga
1st Viceroy of Portugal and the Algarves
In office
18 July 1580 – 11 December 1582
Monarch Philip I of Portugal
Preceded by New title
Succeeded by Archduke Alberto of Austria
12th Constable of Portugal
In office
1581–1582
Monarch Philip II of Spain
Preceded by John, 6th Duke of Braganza
Succeeded by Teodósio II, 7th Duke of Braganza
Personal details
Born (1507-10-29)29 October 1507
Piedrahíta, Ávila, Spain
Died 11 December 1582(1582-12-11) (aged 75)
Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Spouse(s) María Enríquez de Toledo y Guzmán
Children Fernando de Toledo
García Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán
Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzman
Diego Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán
Beatriz Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Guzmán
Profession Soldier, diplomat, statesman
Religion Catholic
Military service
Allegiance Spain Spanish Crown
Rank Captain General
Battles/wars

Ottoman-Habsburg wars

Italian Wars

Schmalkaldic War

Dutch Revolt

War of the Portuguese Succession


Ottoman-Habsburg wars

Italian Wars

Schmalkaldic War

Dutch Revolt

War of the Portuguese Succession

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel (29 October 1507 – 11 December 1582), known as the Grand Duke of Alba in Spain and the Iron Duke in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general, and diplomat. He was titled the 3rd Duke of Alba de Tormes, 4th Marquis of Coria, 3rd Count of Salvatierra de Tormes, 2nd Count of Piedrahita, 8th Lord of Valdecorneja, Grandee of Spain, and a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. His motto in Latin was Deo patrum Nostrorum, which in English means "To the God of our fathers".

He was an adviser of King Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor), and his successor, Philip II of Spain, Mayordomo mayor of both, member of their Councils of State and War, governor of the Duchy of Milan (1555–1556), viceroy of the Kingdom of Naples (1556–1558), governor of the Netherlands (1567–1573) and viceroy and constable of the Kingdom of Portugal (1580–1582). He represented Philip II in negotiating Philip's betrothal to Elisabeth of Valois and Anna of Austria, who were the third and fourth - and last wives of the king.


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