Ferdinand Marcos
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His Excellency Ferdinand Marcos |
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|---|---|
Marcos in 1982.
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| 10th President of the Philippines | |
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In office December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986 |
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| Prime Minister | Himself (1978–1981) Cesar Virata (1981–1986) |
| Vice President | Fernando López (1965–1973) |
| Preceded by | Diosdado Macapagal |
| Succeeded by | Corazon Aquino |
| 3rd Prime Minister of the Philippines | |
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In office June 12, 1978 – June 30, 1981 |
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| Preceded by | Office established (Position previously held by Jorge B. Vargas) |
| Succeeded by | Cesar Virata |
| Secretary of National Defense | |
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In office August 28, 1971 – January 3, 1972 |
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| President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Juan Ponce Enrile |
| Succeeded by | Juan Ponce Enrile |
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In office December 31, 1965 – January 20, 1967 |
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| President | Himself |
| Preceded by | Macario Peralta |
| Succeeded by | Ernesto Mata |
| 11th President of the Senate of the Philippines | |
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In office April 5, 1963 – December 30, 1965 |
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| President | Diosdado Macapagal |
| Preceded by | Eulogio Rodriguez |
| Succeeded by | Arturo Tolentino |
| Senator of the Philippines | |
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In office December 30, 1959 – December 30, 1965 |
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| Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd District | |
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In office December 30, 1949 – December 30, 1959 |
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| Preceded by | Pedro Albano |
| Succeeded by | Simeon M. Valdez |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos September 11, 1917 Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Philippine Islands |
| Died |
September 28, 1989 (aged 72) Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. |
| Resting place |
Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Center, Batac, Ilocos Norte (1993–2016) Heroes' Cemetery, Taguig, Metro Manila (since November 18, 2016) |
| Political party | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan |
| Other political affiliations |
Liberal Party (1946–1965) Nacionalista Party (1965–1978) |
| Spouse(s) | Imelda Romuáldez (m. 1954) |
| Children | 4, notably Imee, Bongbong, and Irene |
| Alma mater | University of the Philippines |
| Profession | |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |
 Philippine Commonwealth
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| Rank |
 First lieutenant Major
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| Unit | 11th Infantry Division (USAFFE) 14th Infantry Regiment (USAFIP-NL) |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
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Presidential styles of Ferdinand E. Marcos |
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|---|---|
 |
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| Reference style | His Excellency |
| Spoken style | Your Excellency |
| Alternative style | Mr. President |
| Population | |
|---|---|
| 1967 | 33.71 million |
| Gross Domestic Product | |
| 1966 |
 ₱285,886 million (USD73.3 billion) |
| 1971 |
₱361,791 million (USD56.7 billion) |
| Growth rate, 1966–71 average | 5.3% |
| Per capita income | |
| 1967 |
₱8,932 |
| 1971 |
₱9,546 |
| Total exports | |
| 1966 |
₱70,254 million |
| 1971 |
 ₱63,626 million |
| Exchange rates | |
| USD1 = ₱6.44 ₱1 = USD0.16 |
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| Sources: | |
| Population | |
|---|---|
| 1981 | 49.5 million |
| Gross Domestic Product | |
| 1972 |
₱400,850 million (USD 62.24 billion) |
| 1981 |
₱1,782,350 million (USD 225.61 billion) |
| Growth rate, 1972–81 average | 5.7% |
| Per capita income | |
| 1972 |
₱11,000 |
| 1981 |
₱37,500 |
| Exchange rates | |
| USD1 = ₱7.90 ₱1 = USD0.12 |
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| Sources: | |
| Population | |
|---|---|
| 1985 | 54.67 million |
| Gross Domestic Product | |
| 1982 |
₱1,857 billion (USD 217.45 billion) |
| 1985 |
₱1,537 million (USD 82.59 billion) |
| Growth rate, 1982–85 average | -2.3% |
| Per capita income | |
| 1982 |
₱37,000 |
| 1985 |
₱26,000 |
| Exchange rates | |
| USD1 = ₱18.61 ₱1 = USD0.05 |
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| Sources: | |
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, World War II veteran and who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981. While his regime started an unprecedented number of infrastructure projects and monuments (known colloquially as an "edifice complex'" and at great taxpayer cost), it also became infamous for its corruption and brutality.
Prior to his presidency, Marcos started out as an attorney before serving as a member of the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and of the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965, where he was also Senate President from 1963 to 1965. Marcos fought alongside with the Americans during the Japanese Invasion and participated in the Bataan Death March, and he would later claim during his election campaigns that he has been "the most decorated war hero in the Philippines", a claim which was later proven to be false.United States Army documents described the claim "fraudulent" and "absurd". However, President Fidel Ramos backed Marcos' claim that Marcos founded the anti-Japanese guerrilla group Maharlika and has mentioned in his presidential inaugural biography that his father Narciso Ramos served as one of the leaders of Marcos' guerrilla group.
He was elected President in 1965. The Philippine national debt used to fund development projects grew from $2 billion at the beginning of his term to $26 billion by the end of 1985. Based on World Bank data, Philippine Annual Gross Domestic Product grew from $5.27 billion in 1964 to $37.14 billion in 1982, a year prior to the assassination of Ninoy Aquino. Political instability in the wake of the Aquino assassination, unexpected drop in access to international credit and high interest rates, and difficulty in managing balance of payments position due to falling export prices subsequently fueled a severe economic recession in 1984 and 1985. By the end of 1985, GDP stood at $30.7 following two years of economic contraction. Some of Marcos' critics claimed that poverty incidence grew from 41% in the 1960s at the time Marcos took the Presidency to 59% when he was removed from power, but academic research to measure poverty only began in the 1970s and poverty stats referred to by the Asian Development Bank pegged poverty incidence to 44% in 1985. Philippine GDP per capita expressed in US$ more than quadrupled from $175.9 in 1964 to $741.8 in 1982, but subsequently fell to $565.8 in 1985 due to the recession from protectionism, neglect in manufacturing, crony capitalism and over-borrowing. However, significantly contributing to the recession and elevated debt levels was a perfect storm of extremely high global interest rates,severe global economic recession, and significant increase in global oil price, which affected all indebted countries in Latin America, Europe, and the Philippines was not exempted. All in all despite the 1984–1985 recession, GDP per capita grew at an annualized rate of 5.8%, or more than tripled, from 1964 to 1985. It was only in 1992 at the beginning of the term of Fidel Ramos when GDP per capita, which amounted to $814 surpassed the previous peak GDP per capita achieved in 1982 during Marcos's term.
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