Esperanto alphabet

Esperanto is written in a Latin alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms, such as the numerals 0–9, currency signs such as $, and mathematical symbols.

Twenty-two of the letters are identical in form to letters of the English alphabet (q, w, x, and y being omitted). The remaining six have diacritic marks, ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, and ŭ (that is, c, g, h, j, and s circumflex, and u breve). The full alphabet is:

In handwritten Esperanto, the diacritics pose no problem. However, since they don't appear on standard alphanumeric keyboards, various alternative methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text. The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the "h-system", but with the rise of computer word processing a so-called "x-system" has become equally popular. These systems are described below. However, with the advent of Unicode, the need for such work-arounds has lessened.

The letters have approximately the sound values of the IPA, with the exception of c [t͡s] and the circumflex letters ĉ [t͡ʃ ], ĝ [d͡ʒ], ĥ [x], ĵ [ʒ], ŝ [ ʃ ], ŭ [u̯]. J transcribes two sounds, consonantal [ j ] (the English y sound) and vocalic [ i̯ ].

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