English languages
| Anglo-Frisian | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution: |
Originally England, Scottish Lowlands and the North Sea coast from Friesland to Jutland; today worldwide |
| Linguistic classification: |
Indo-European
|
| Subdivisions: | |
| Glottolog: | angl1264 |
Approximate present day distribution of the Anglo-Frisian languages in Europe.
Hatched areas indicate where multilingualism is common.
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The Anglo-Frisian languages is the group of West Germanic languages that includes Anglic and Frisian.
The Anglo-Frisian languages are distinguished from other West Germanic languages by several sound changes: the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, Anglo-Frisian brightening, and palatalization of /k/:
The early Anglo-Frisian and Old Saxon speech communities lived close enough together to form a linguistic crossroads which is why they share some of the traits otherwise only typical of Anglo-Frisian languages. However, despite their common origins, English and Frisian have become very divergent, largely due to the heavy Old Norse and Norman French influences on English and similarly heavy Dutch and Low German influences on Frisian. The result is that Frisian now has a great deal in common with Dutch and the adjacent Low German dialects, bringing it into the West Germanic dialect continuum, whereas English has stronger North Germanic and Romance influences than the languages on the mainland.
The Anglo-Frisian family tree is:
The following is a summary of the major sound changes affecting vowels in chronological order. For additional detail, see Phonological history of Old English.
These are the words for the numbers one to ten in the Anglo-Frisian languages:
* Ae /eː/, /jeː/ is the adjectival form used before nouns.
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