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Empress Xiaokangzhang

Empress Xiaokangzhang
Empress of the Qing dynasty
《孝康章皇后朝服像》.jpg
Born 1640
Died 20 March 1663(1663-03-20) (aged 22–23)
Beijing, China
Spouse Shunzhi Emperor
Issue Kangxi Emperor
Posthumous name
Empress Xiaokang Cihe Zhuangyi Gonghui Wenmu Duanjing Chongwen Yusheng Zhang
(孝康慈和莊懿恭惠溫穆端靖崇文育聖章皇后)
House Tunggiya (by birth)
Aisin Gioro (by marriage)
Father Tong Tulai
Posthumous name
Empress Xiaokang Cihe Zhuangyi Gonghui Wenmu Duanjing Chongwen Yusheng Zhang
(孝康慈和莊懿恭惠溫穆端靖崇文育聖章皇后)
Empress Xiaokangzhang
Chinese name
Chinese 孝康章皇后
Lady Tunggiya
Chinese 佟佳氏
Manchu name
Manchu script ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᠨᡝᠰᡠᡴᡝᠨ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠮᠪᡠᡥᡝ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ
Romanization hiyoošngga nemgiyen eldembuhe hūwangheo

Empress Xiaokangzhang (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Nesuken Eldembuhe Hūwangheo; 1640 – 20 March 1663) was a consort of the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty. Since she was the birth mother of the Shunzhi Emperor's third son and successor, the Kangxi Emperor, she was posthumously honoured as an Empress.

Empress Xiaokangzhang's original family name was Tong (佟). Her personal name was not recorded in history. Although her family was of Jurchen descent, they had lived among Han Chinese for many generations and had been assimilated into Han Chinese society in Fushun, Liaoning, during the Ming dynasty, hence they were regarded as nikan (Han Chinese) by the Manchus and placed under a Han banner instead of a Manchu banner.

Lady Tong's father was Tong Tulai (佟圖賴; 1606–1658), a military leader. Her grandfather was Tong Yangzhen (佟養真; d. 1621). She had two brothers – Tong Guogang (佟國綱; d. 1690) and Tong Guowei (佟國維; d. 1719). Her clan was originally under the Han Chinese Plain Blue Banner, but was later moved to the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner after her son became the Emperor. Her family name was also changed from "Tong" to the Manchu-sounding "Tunggiya".

Lady Tunggiya entered the Forbidden City and became an ordinary concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor. She never received any title or rank during the Shunzhi Emperor's reign. In 1654, she bore the Shunzhi Emperor his third son, Xuanye. When the Shunzhi Emperor died in 1661, Xuanye was chosen to be the new emperor and was enthroned as the Kangxi Emperor. As the birth mother of the reigning emperor, Lady Tunggiya was honoured as Empress Dowager under the title "Empress Dowager Cihe" (慈和皇太后).


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