Empress Wanrong
| Wanrong | |||||||||
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Official portrait of Wanrong
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| Empress Consort of China | |||||||||
| Reign | 30 November 1922 – 5 November 1924 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Empress Xiaodingjing | ||||||||
| Empress Consort of Manchukuo | |||||||||
| Reign | 1 March 1934 – 20 June 1945 | ||||||||
| Born |
13 November 1906 Beijing, China |
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| Died | 20 June 1946 (aged 39) Yanji, Jilin, China |
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| Burial | 2006 Western Qing tombs, Hebei, China |
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| Spouse | Puyi (m. 1922) | ||||||||
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| Father | Gobulo Rongyuan | ||||||||
| Mother | Aisin Gioro Hengxinyu (stepmother) | ||||||||
| Full name | |
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| Gobulo Wanrong (郭布羅·婉容) | |
| Posthumous name | |
| Empress Xiaokemin (孝恪愍皇后) |
| Wanrong | |||||||||
| Chinese | 婉容 | ||||||||
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| Empress Xiaokemin (posthumous name) |
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| Chinese | 孝恪愍皇后 | ||||||||
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| Muhong (courtesy name) |
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| Traditional Chinese | 慕鴻 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 慕鸿 | ||||||||
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| Zhilian (art name) |
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| Traditional Chinese | 植蓮 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 植莲 | ||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Wǎnróng |
| Wade–Giles | Wan3-jung2 |
| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Xiàokèmǐn Huánghòu |
| Wade–Giles | Hsiao4-k'o4-min3 Huang2-hou4 |
| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Mùhóng |
| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Zhílián |
Wanrong (13 November 1906 – 20 June 1946), posthumously known as Empress Xiaokemin, was the Empress Consort of Puyi, the Last Emperor of China and final ruler of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. In 1932, when the Empire of Japan established the puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria (northeastern China) and installed Puyi as its nominal emperor, Wanrong became the empress of Manchukuo. During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria at the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Wanrong was captured by Chinese Communist guerrillas and transferred to different locations before she was settled in a prison camp in Yanji, Jilin. She died in prison in around June or August 1946 and her remains were never found. On 23 October 2006, Wanrong's younger brother, Runqi, conducted a ritual burial for her in the Western Qing tombs near Beijing.
Wanrong's full birth name was Gobulo Wanrong (郭布羅·婉容); she is referred to as simply Wanrong because Manchus were usually referred to by their given names only. Her courtesy name was Muhong (慕鴻) and her art name was Zhilian. She also adopted a Western name, Elizabeth, which was inspired by Elizabeth I of England.
Wanrong was born in the Gobulo clan (郭布羅氏), which is of Daur ancestry and under the Plain White Banner of the Eight Banners. Her father was Rongyuan (榮源), who served as a Minister of Domestic Affairs (內務府大臣) in the Qing imperial court. Wanrong's biological mother, Lady Aisin-Gioro, was the fourth daughter of Yuzhang (毓長) and a granddaughter of Puxu (溥煦). She died from childbed fever after giving birth to Wanrong. Wanrong was raised by her stepmother, Hengxiang (恆香), who was the second daughter of Yulang (毓朗) and also a granddaughter of Puxu. Hengxiang left a deep impression on Wanrong because she doted on Wanrong and treated her like a real daughter. Wanrong had one full brother, Runliang (潤良), who was older than her by two years. She also had a half-brother, Runqi (潤麒), who was younger than her by six years. The family lived in a hutong near Di'anmen in Beijing's Dongcheng District.
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