Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)

Swedish Livonia
Svenska Livland
Dominion of the Swedish Empire
1629–1721
Flag Coat of Arms
Baltic provinces of Swedish Empire in the 17th century.
Capital		Riga
Languages		Swedish, Estonian, Latvian, Livonian, Low German (Latin as lingua franca)
Religion		Lutheranism
Government		Dominion
King of Sweden
•	1611–1632	Gustav II Adolf
•	1720–1751	Frederick I
Governor-General
•	1622–1628	Jacob De la Gardie
•	1696–1702	Erik Dahlberg
Legislature		Diet
History
•	Conquered by Sweden	1621
•	Truce of Altmark	25 September 1629
•	Treaty of Oliva	23 April 1660
•	Great Northern War	1700–1721
•	Conquered by Russia	1713
•	Treaty of Nystad	30 August 1721
Preceded by Succeeded by Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621) Danish Estonia#Danish province of Øsel Governorate of Livonia

Swedish Livonia (Swedish: Svenska Livland) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1629 until 1721. The territory, which constituted the southern part of modern Estonia (including the island of Ösel ceded by Denmark after the Treaty of Brömsebro) and the northern part of modern Latvia (the Vidzeme region), represented the conquest of the major part of the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia during the 1600–1629 Polish-Swedish War. Parts of Livonia and the city of Riga were under Swedish control as early as 1621 and the situation was formalized in Truce of Altmark 1629, but the whole territory was not ceded formally until the Treaty of Oliva in 1660. The minority part of the Wenden Voivodeship retained by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was renamed the Inflanty Voivodeship ("Livonian Principality"), which today corresponds to the Latgale region of Latvia.

Riga was the second largest city in the Swedish Empire at the time. Together with other Baltic Sea dominions, Livonia served to secure the Swedish dominium maris baltici. In contrast to Swedish Estonia, which had submitted to Swedish rule voluntarily in 1561 and where traditional local laws remained largely untouched, the uniformity policy was applied in Swedish Livonia under Karl XI of Sweden: serfdom was abolished, peasants were offered education as well as military, administrative or ecclesiastical careers, and nobles had to transfer domains to the king in the Great Reduction.