Cyclic di-GMP

Cyclic di-GMP

Names
Other names Cyclic diguanylate; 3',5'-Cyclic diguanylic acid; c-di-GMP; 5GP-5GP
Identifiers
CAS Number	61093-23-0 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	4883312 N
PubChem CID	6323195
InChI InChI=1S/C20H24N10O14P2/c21-19-25-13-7(15(33)27-19)23-3-29(13)17-9(31)11-5(41-17)1-39-45(35,36)44-12-6(2-40-46(37,38)43-11)42-18(10(12)32)30-4-24-8-14(30)26-20(22)28-16(8)34/h3-6,9-12,17-18,31-32H,1-2H2,(H,35,36)(H,37,38)(H3,21,25,27,33)(H3,22,26,28,34)/t5-,6-,9-,10-,11-,12-,17-,18-/m1/s1 N Key: PKFDLKSEZWEFGL-MHARETSRSA-N N InChI=1/C20H24N10O14P2/c21-19-25-13-7(15(33)27-19)23-3-29(13)17-9(31)11-5(41-17)1-39-45(35,36)44-12-6(2-40-46(37,38)43-11)42-18(10(12)32)30-4-24-8-14(30)26-20(22)28-16(8)34/h3-6,9-12,17-18,31-32H,1-2H2,(H,35,36)(H,37,38)(H3,21,25,27,33)(H3,22,26,28,34)/t5-,6-,9-,10-,11-,12-,17-,18-/m1/s1 Key: PKFDLKSEZWEFGL-MHARETSRBV
SMILES O=C7/N=C(/N)Nc1c7ncn1[C@@H]3O[C@@H]4COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]2[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2COP(=O)(O)O[C@H]4[C@H]3O)n5c6NC(=N/C(=O)c6nc5)\N
Properties
Chemical formula	C20H24N10O14P2
Molar mass	690.09 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N  (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety of bacteria. Cyclic di-GMP is not known to be used by archaea, and has only been observed in eukaryotes in Dictyostelium. The biological role of cyclic di-GMP was first uncovered when it was identified as an allosteric activator of a cellulose synthase found in Gluconacetobacter xylinus in order to produce microbial cellulose.

In structure, it is a cycle containing only two guanine bases linked by ribose and phosphate.

In bacteria, certain signals are communicated by synthesizing or degrading cyclic di-GMP. Cyclic di-GMP is synthesized by proteins with diguanylate cyclase activity. These proteins typically have a characteristic GGDEF motif, which refers to a conserved sequence of five amino acids. Degradation of cyclic di-GMP is effected by proteins with phosphodiesterase activity. These proteins have either an EAL or an HD-GYP amino acid motif. Processes that are known to be regulated using cyclic di-GMP, at least in some organisms, include biofilm formation, motility and induction of virulence factors.

Cyclic di-GMP levels are regulated using a variety of mechanisms. Many proteins with GGDEF, EAL or HD-GYP domains are found with other domains that can receive signals, such as PAS domains. Enzymes that degrade or synthesize cyclic di-GMP are believed to be localized to specific regions of the cell, where they influence receivers in a restricted space. In Gluconacetobacter xylinus c-di-GMP stimulates the polymerization of glucose into cellulose as a high affinity allosteric activator of the enzyme cellulose synthase. Some diguanylate cyclase enzymes are allosterically inhibited by cyclic di-GMP.