Clonidine

Clonidine
Clinical data


Pronunciation	/ˈklɒnədiːn/
Trade names	Catapres, Kapvay, Nexiclon
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682243
License data	US FDA: Clonidine
Pregnancy category	AU: B3 US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of administration	By mouth, epidural, IV, transdermal, topical
ATC code	C02AC01 (WHO) N02CX02 (WHO), S01EA04 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) CA: ℞-only UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	75–95% (oral), 60–70% (transdermal)
Protein binding	20–40%
Metabolism	Hepatic to inactive metabolites, 2/3 CYP2D6 [2]
Biological half-life	IR: 12–16 hours, 14 hours for repeated dosing
Excretion	Urine (72%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name N-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine
CAS Number	4205-90-7^Y
PubChem CID	2803
IUPHAR/BPS	516
DrugBank	DB00575^Y
ChemSpider	2701^Y
UNII	MN3L5RMN02
KEGG	D00281^Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:3757^Y
ChEMBL	CHEMBL134^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.021.928
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₉H₉Cl₂N₃
Molar mass	230.093 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
SMILES Clc1c(c(Cl)ccc1)N/C2=N/CCN2
InChI InChI=1S/C9H9Cl2N3/c10-6-2-1-3-7(11)8(6)14-9-12-4-5-13-9/h1-3H,4-5H2,(H2,12,13,14)^Y Key:GJSURZIOUXUGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y

Clonidine (trade names Catapres, Kapvay, Nexiclon, Clophelin, and others) is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, withdrawal (from either alcohol, opioids, or smoking), migraine, menopausal flushing, diarrhea, and certain pain conditions. It is classified as a centrally acting α₂ adrenergic agonist and imidazoline receptor agonist that has been in clinical use for over 40 years.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved clonidine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), alone or with stimulants in 2010, for pediatric patients aged 6–17 years. It was later approved for adults. In Australia, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by the TGA. Clonidine along with methylphenidate has been studied for treatment of ADHD. According to the clinical trials submitted to FDA its effectiveness is comparable to stimulants commonly used for ADHD. When used alone it leads to ~35% improvement in symptoms, comparable to ~30% improvement when stimulants are used. Some studies show clonidine more sedating than guanfacine, which may be better at bed time along with an arousing stimulant at morning. Clonidine can be used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome (specifically for tics).

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