Carnian Pluvial Event
The Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE) is a major global climate change and biotic turnover that occurred during the Carnian, early Late Triassic, ~ 230 million years ago.
The base of the CPE is marked by a ~ 0.4% negative shift in carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) of fossil molecules (n-alkanes) from higher plants and total organic carbon. A ~ 0.15% negative shift in oxygen stable isotopes (δ18O) of conodont apatite suggests a global warming. Major changes in organisms responsible for calcium carbonate production occurred during the CPE. A halt of carbonate sedimentation is observed in deep water settings of Southern Italy that was probably caused by the rise of the Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD). High extinction rates occurred among ammonoids, conodonts, bryozoa, and crinoids. Major evolutionary innovations followed the CPE, as the first occurrence of dinosaurs, calcareous nannofossils and scleractinian corals.
The CPE is also known as "Reingrabener Wende" (meaning Reingrabener turnover), or "Raibl event".
The arid climate of the Late Triassic was interrupted by the markedly more humid conditions of the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE). Evidences of increased rainfall during the CPE are 1) the development of palaeosols (histic and spodic soils) typical of tropical humid climate with a positive water budget throughout the year; 2) hygrophytic palynological assemblages that reflect a vegetation more adapted to humid climate; 3) siliciclastic sediment input into the basins due to increased continental weathering and runoff; 4) the widespread presence of amber.
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