C2 domain
| C2 domain | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The C2-domain of C.absonum α-toxin (PDB 1OLP). β-strands are shown in yellow. Co-ordinated Calcium ions are in cyan
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | C2 | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF00168 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR000008 | ||||||||
| SMART | C2 | ||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC00380 | ||||||||
| SCOP | 1qas | ||||||||
| SUPERFAMILY | 1qas | ||||||||
| OPM superfamily | 47 | ||||||||
| OPM protein | 1ugk | ||||||||
| CDD | cd00030 | ||||||||
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| Available protein structures: | |
|---|---|
| Pfam | structures |
| PDB | RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj |
| PDBsum | structure summary |
| Phosphoinositide 3-kinase C2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Structure of phosphoinositide 3-kinase.
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| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | PI3K_C2 | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF00792 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR002420 | ||||||||
| SMART | PI3K_C2 | ||||||||
| PROSITE | PDOC50004 | ||||||||
| SCOP | 1e8x | ||||||||
| SUPERFAMILY | 1e8x | ||||||||
| CDD | cd08380 | ||||||||
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| Available protein structures: | |
|---|---|
| Pfam | structures |
| PDB | RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj |
| PDBsum | structure summary |
A C2 domain is a protein structural domain involved in targeting proteins to cell membranes. The typical version (PKC-C2) has a beta-sandwich composed of 8 β-strands that co-ordinates two or three calcium ions, which bind in a cavity formed by the first and final loops of the domain, on the membrane binding face. Many other C2 domain families don't have calcium binding activity.
C2 domains are frequently found coupled to enzymatic domains; for example, the C2 domain in PTEN, brings the phosphatase domain into contact with the plasma membrane, where it can dephosphorylate its substrate, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), without removing it from the membrane - which would be energetically very costly. PTEN consists of two domains, a protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and a C2 domain. This domain pair constitutes a superdomain, a heritable unit that is found in various proteins in fungi, plants and animals. In addition, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), an enzyme that phosphorylates phosphoinositides on the 3-hydroxyl group of the inositol ring, also uses a C2 domain to bind to the membrane (e.g. 1e8w PDB entry).
The C2 domain is currently only known from eukaryotes. Over 17 distinct clades of C2 domains have been identified. Most C2 families can be traced back to basal eukaryotic species indicating an early diversification before the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Only the PKC-C2 domain family contains conserved calcium-binding residues, suggesting the typical calcium-dependent membrane interaction is a derived feature limited in PKC-C2 domains.
C2 domains are unique among membrane targeting domains in that they show wide range of lipid selectivity for the major components of cell membranes, including phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine. This C2 domain is about 116 amino-acid residues and is located between the two copies of the C1 domain in Protein Kinase C (that bind phorbol esters and diacylglycerol) (see PDOC00379) and the protein kinase catalytic domain (see PDOC00100). Regions with significant homology to the C2-domain have been found in many proteins. The C2 domain is thought to be involved in calcium-dependent phospholipid binding and in membrane targeting processes such as subcellular localisation.
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