Breda-SAFAT machine gun
| Breda-SAFAT | |
|---|---|
A 12.7 mm (0.500 in) Breda-SAFAT machine gun on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
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| Type | Machine-gun |
| Place of origin | Italy |
| Service history | |
| In service | Late 1930s and 1940s |
| Used by | Regia Aeronautica |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1935 |
| Manufacturer | Breda-SAFAT (Società Italiana Ernesto Breda per Costruzioni Meccaniche / Breda Meccanica Bresciana / Società Italiana Ernesto Breda - Società Anonima Fabbrica Armi Torino) |
| Variants | Breda-SAFAT 20 mm (0.787 in) Cannon |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 12.5 kg (28 lb) (7.7 mm) 29 kg (64 lb) (12.7 mm) |
| Length | 109 cm (43 in) (7.7 mm) 139 cm (55 in) (12.7 mm) |
| Barrel length | 64 cm (25 in) (7.7 mm) 80 cm (31 in) (12.7 mm) |
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| Cartridge | 7.7x56mmR light, 12.7x81mmSRheavy |
| Caliber | 7.7 mm (0.303 in) 12.7 mm (0.500 in) |
| Barrels | 1 |
| Action | Short recoil |
| Rate of fire | 800–900 rounds/min (7.7 mm) 700 rounds/min (575 rounds/min synchronized) (12.7 mm) |
| Muzzle velocity | 730 metres per second (2,400 ft/s) (7.7 mm) 765 metres per second (2,510 ft/s) (12.7 mm) |
| Feed system | Belt-fed |
Breda-SAFAT, (Società Italiana Ernesto Breda per Costruzioni Meccaniche / Breda Meccanica Bresciana - Società Anonima Fabbrica Armi Torino) was an Italian weapons manufacturer of the 1930s and 1940s that designed and produced a range of machine-guns and cannon primarily for use in aircraft. Based on the M1919 Browning machine gun, the Italian guns were chambered to fire indigenous ammunition with 7.7 mm (0.303 in) and 12.7 mm (0.500 in) calibres, predominantly ball, tracer for the 7.7mm, including high-explosive-incendiary-tracer (HEIT) (filled with 0.8 grams of PETN), or armour-piercing (AP) for the 12.7mm.
During the 1930s both Breda and SAFAT (a division of FIAT) were tasked with producing designs for a new range of machine-guns for use in aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica, the offering from Breda being preferred. FIAT contested the decision but lost resulting in the sale of SAFAT to Breda to form Breda-SAFAT.
Despite the aim of producing an airborne machine-gun equal or superior to other similar weapons, the use of low propellant capacity rounds resulted in significantly lower muzzle velocities than other weapons of similar calibres. Other inadequacies included high weight and modest rates of fire as well as the ineffectiveness of the HEIT high explosive round.
However, despite these shortcomings, the Breda-SAFAT gun was generally praised by the Italian pilots and armourers, the pilots because of its long range and apparent good hitting power, the armourers because of its reliability.
Thus, Italy lacked machine-guns with the critical qualities of light weight, a high rate of fire, good muzzle velocity, good projectile weight and reliability, while the Russians, Germans, Americans and Japanese had 12.7mm calibre automatic ordnance in the Berezin, MG 131, M2, and Ho-103 respectively. Late-war Italian aircraft began to adopt the "original" calibre German Mauser 20 mm (0.787 in) MG 151 cannon to give their aircraft parity in firepower with Allied fighters, with as many as three MG 151 fitted to Macchi MC.205, Fiat G.55 and Reggiane Re.2005—the third cannon firing through the propeller hub of the German-designed, Italian-built Fiat Tifone inline inverted V12 engines used to power these aircraft—in addition to cowl-mounted 7.7mm Bredas-SAFATs.
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