Ammonium chloride
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| Names | |
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IUPAC name
Ammonium chloride
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| Other names
Sal ammoniac, Salmiac, Nushadir salt, Sal armagnac, Salt armoniack
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| Identifiers | |
12125-02-9 
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| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:31206
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| ChemSpider |
23807
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.976 |
| EC Number | 235-186-4 |
| KEGG |
D01139
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| RTECS number | BP4550000 |
| UNII |
01Q9PC255D
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| Properties | |
| ClH4N | |
| Molar mass | 53.49 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | White solid, hygroscopic |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.5274 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 338 °C (640 °F; 611 K) decomposes, sublimes |
| Boiling point | 520 °C (968 °F; 793 K) |
| Sublimes at 337.6 °C ΔsublH |
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| 244 g/L (−15 °C) 294 g/L (0 °C) 383.0 g/L (25 °C) 454.4 g/L (40 °C) 740.8 g/L (100 °C) |
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Solubility product (Ksp)
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30.9 (395 g/L) |
| Solubility | Soluble in liquid ammonia, hydrazine, alcohol, methanol, glycerol Slightly soluble in acetone Insoluble in diethyl ether, ethyl acetate |
| Solubility in methanol | 3.2 g/100 g (17 °C) 3.35 g/100 g (19 °C) 3.54 g/100 g (25 °C) |
| Solubility in ethanol | 6 g/L (19 °C) |
| Solubility in glycerol | 97 g/kg |
| Solubility in sulfur dioxide | 0.09 g/kg (0 °C) 0.031 g/kg (25 °C) |
| Solubility in acetic acid | 0.67 g/kg (16.6 °C) |
| Vapor pressure | 133.3 Pa (160.4 °C) 6.5 kPa (250 °C) 33.5 kPa (300 °C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 9.24 |
| -36.7·10−6 cm3/mol | |
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Refractive index (nD)
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1.642 (20 °C) |
| Thermochemistry | |
| 84.1 J/mol·K | |
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Std molar
entropy (S |
94.56 J/mol·K |
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Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
−314.43 kJ/mol |
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Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)
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−202.97 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| B05XA04 (WHO) G04BA01 (WHO) | |
| Hazards | |
| Safety data sheet | ICSC 1051 |
| GHS pictograms |  |
| GHS signal word | Warning |
| H302, H319 | |
| P305+351+338 | |
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EU classification (DSD)
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 Xn Xi
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| R-phrases | R22, R36 |
| S-phrases | (S2), S22 |
| NFPA 704 | |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
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LD50 (median dose)
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1650 mg/kg (rats, oral) |
| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |
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PEL (Permissible)
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none |
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REL (Recommended)
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TWA 10 mg/m3 ST 20 mg/m3 (as fume) |
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
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N.D. |
| Related compounds | |
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Other anions
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Ammonium fluoride Ammonium bromide Ammonium iodide |
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Other cations
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Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Hydroxylammonium chloride |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is  ?) |
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| Infobox references | |
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl and a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. Sal ammoniac is a name of the natural, mineralogical form of ammonium chloride. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps from condensation of coal-derived gases. It is also found around some types of volcanic vents. It is mainly used as fertilizer and a flavouring agent in some types of liquorice. It is the product from the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia.
It is a product of the Solvay process used to produce sodium carbonate:
In addition to being the principal method for the manufacture of ammonium chloride, that method is used to minimize ammonia release in some industrial operations.
Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by combining ammonia (NH3) with either hydrogen chloride (gas) or hydrochloric acid (water solution):
Ammonium chloride occurs naturally in volcanic regions, forming on volcanic rocks near fume-releasing vents (fumaroles). The crystals deposit directly from the gaseous state and tend to be short-lived, as they dissolve easily in water.
Ammonium chloride appears to sublime upon heating but actually decomposes into ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas.
Ammonium chloride reacts with a strong base, like sodium hydroxide, to release ammonia gas:
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