The Altai Republic (Russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, Respublika Altay, Russian pronunciation: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ɐlˈtaj]; Altai: Алтай Республика, Altay Respublika) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). Its capital is the town of Gorno-Altaysk. The area of the republic is 92,600 square kilometers (35,800 sq mi), and its population is 206,168 (2010 Census).

The Xiongnu Empire (209 BC-93 AD) governed the territory of the modern Altai Republic.

The southern part of the Altai Republic came under the Naiman Khanate. Territory of the modern Altai Republic has been ruled by the Mongolic Xianbei state (93-234), Rouran Khaganate (330-555), Mongol Empire (1206-1368), Golden Horde (1240-1502), Zunghar Khanate (1634-1758) and Qing Empire (1757-1864).

The Qing period is a semi-autonomous period with the supervision of two Altan Nuur Uriankhai Governor Banners and part of the seven Altai Uriankhai banners. During the Qing administration, the General of Siberia Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov launched a non-military expedition into the Altan Nuur region in 1760 and began fort building, which was subsequently removed by Heseri Jalafungga of Qing. Since the 1820s, the routine border check was less frequent and the Chuy drainage basin has been occupied by Russians.

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